Table 3.

Estimator performance in Simulation 2 when there is an effect and under the null.

	With an effect					Under the null
	Bias	σ	rMSE	Power	Coverage	Bias	σ	rMSE	Type I	Coverage
Unadj.	0.1	1.6	1.6	66	94	0.1	1.9	1.9	4	96
IPTW	0.1	1.6	1.6	68	96	0.0	1.8	1.8	3	97
Gcomp.	0.1	1.5	1.6	75	93	0.0	1.8	1.8	6	94
TMLE-I	0.1	1.3	1.3	83	96	0.0	1.5	1.5	5	95
TMLE-II	0.1	1.3	1.3	82	95	0.0	1.5	1.5	5	95

Note: Performance is measured by bias as the average deviation between the estimate and truth; σ as the standard error; rMSE as the root-mean squared error; power as the proportion of times the false null hypothesis is rejected; coverage as the proportion of times the 95% confidence interval contains the true value, and Type I error as the proportion of times the true null hypothesis is rejected. All measures are in percentage.