Table 3.

Subgroup analysis

		HR			TT			RPE			GLU			LAC
Subgroup	Median split	Effect size	Groups	N	Effect size	Groups	N	Effect size	Groups	N	Effect size	Groups	N	Effect size	Groups	N
PSE dose	> 170 mg	0.85	6	49	− 0.24	6	54	0.00	2	16	− 0.08	3	24	− 0.09	5	56
	≤ 170 mg	0.11	5	48	− 0.06	4	37	− 0.11	3	37	− 0.41	2	13	− 0.51	1	7
Exercise duration	≥ 25 mins	0.38	6	49	− 0.08	7	61	0.02	3	23	− 0.08	3	24	− 0.10	4	34
	< 25 mins	0.55	5	48	− 0.34	3	30	− 0.16	2	30	− 0.41	2	13	− 0.18	2	29
Age	> 28 years	0.32	7	60	− 0.12	6	51	0.02	3	23	− 0.08	3	24	− 0.10	4	34
	< 28 years	0.77	4	37	− 0.22	4	40	− 0.16	2	30	− 0.41	2	13	− 0.18	2	29
VO2 max	≥ 65 ml/kg/min	0.69	4	33	− 0.40	4	35	− 0.31	1	10	− 0.18	3	25	− 0.52	2	15
	< 65 ml/kg/min	0.07	4	37	− 0.10	3	26	− 0.06	3	36	− 0.27	1	6	0.05	3	26
Washout period (days)	≥ 7 days	0.65	5	45	− 0.19	5	50	− 0.16	2	30	− 0.07	3	21	0.00	4	47
	< 7 days	0.31	6	52	− 0.14	5	41	0.02	3	23	− 0.36	2	16	− 0.51	2	16
Pre-exercise ingestion time	≥ 90 min	0.41	6	57	− 0.10	6	58	− 0.31	1	10	− 0.18	3	25	0.03	3	25
	< 90 min	0.54	5	40	− 0.34	3	26	− 0.06	3	36	− 0.21	2	12	− 0.30	3	38
Mode of exercise	Cycling	0.77	6	52	− 0.09	6	54	− 0.04	3	36	− 0.36	2	16	0.00	4	48
	Running	0.18	5	45	− 0.16	2	20	− 0.36	1	10	− 0.07	3	21	− 0.52	2	15

PSE, pseudoephedrine; HR, heart rate; RPE, rate of perceived exertion; TT, time trial; GLU, blood glucose; LAC, blood lactate; min, minute(s); VO_2max, maximum oxygen uptake