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. 2018 Oct 5;8:14875. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33137-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Invasion of epithelial cells by strains possessing or lacking SPI-1. (a) Comparative analysis of invasion of epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica strain SV9244 (ΔSPI-1) upon single infection and upon mixed infection with SV7884 (sipB::GFP) in a 1:1 proportion. Blue bars: SV7224; SV9244: red bars. (b) Invasion of epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica strain SV9244 (ΔSPI-1) upon single infection and upon mixed infection with SV7884 (sipB::GFP) in various proportions. (c) Invasion rates of S. enterica upon mixed infections with Escherichia coli (green bars) using different Escherichia:Salmonella ratios. (d) Invasion of epithelial cells by the wild type (wt), SV9244, a strain lacking SPI-1 (ΔSPI-1), a culture made from cells originated during ΔSPI-1 culture and supernatant from a wild type culture, and a culture made from cells generated by a wild type culture and supernatant from ΔSPI-1 culture. In all experiments, antibiotic markers were used to distinguish the strains. Averages and standard deviations from >3 independent experiments are shown. Statistical indications: ns, not significantly different; ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, Student’s t-test.