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. 2018 Oct 5;8:14882. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33099-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Long-term culture of RPTEC under 3D and 2D conditions. Cell viability and KIM-1 secretion in 2D and 3D (A) HIM-31 and (B) Lonza RPTEC cultures. Baseline gene expression in (C) HIM-31 and (D) Lonza RPTEC cultures, highlighting differences between 2D and 3D culture in expression of kidney injury biomarkers, and metabolism and transport markers. (E) Principal component analysis demonstrating grouping between cell sources and culturing conditions in comparison to GTEx human kidney cortex tissues. Black data points represent other human tissues within GTEx. (F) Principal component analysis of 2D and 3D cell cultures, demonstrating grouping within cell source, and toxic (polymyxin B) vs non-toxic (controls, calcidiol, calcitriol, and altered pH) exposure conditions. (*p < 0.05, 2-tailed t-test).