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. 2018 Oct 5;8:14894. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32424-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ideal thoracic pedicle screw entry point and trajectory. Ideal thoracic pedicle screw entry point (dark red circle) and trajectory (dashed red cylinder) in the coronal (A), axial (B) and sagittal (C) planes. Ideal entry point distance (d) and trajectory angle (∅) shown on axial and sagittal planes. Example of a misplaced thoracic pedicle screw via freehand technique (D), Heary Grade V, with tip (arrowhead) abutting the aorta.