Table 1.

Description of the patients’ population

Characteristics	All	Males	Females	P values
Age
Children (<15 years)*	8 (15%)	3 (21%)	5 (12%)
Adults	46 (85%)	11 (79%)	35 (88%)	0.41*
Location of the healthcare facility
Butaro	20 (37%)	4 (29%)	16 (40%)
Kirehe	20 (37%)	5 (36%)	15 (37%)
Rwinkwavu	14 (26%)	5 (36%)	9 (23%)	0.67*
Income level—floor is made of dirt at home
No	9 (21%)	0	9 (26%)
Yes	34 (79%)	8 (100%)	26 (74%)	0.17*
Marital status
Single	20 (59%)	6 (60%)	14 (58%)
Married	12 (35%)	4 (40%)	8 (33%)
Divorced	2 (6%)	0	2 (8%)	1.00*
Occupation
Farmer	20 (41%)	5 (42%)	15 (40%)
In school	14 (29%)	2 (17%)	12 (32%)
Professional	3 (6%)	0	3 (8%)
Unemployed/out of school	12 (24%)	5 (43%)	7 (19%)	0.40*
Preoperative diagnosis and operation
Symptoms (NYHA) preoperation	n=48	n=12	n=36
Stage II	8 (17%)	5 (42%)	3 (8%)
Stage III	25 (52%)	3 (25%)	22 (61%)
Stage IV	15 (31%)	4 (33%)	11 (31%)	0.02*
Single valve	n=28	n=6	n=23
Pure MR	20 (69%)	4 (67%)	16 (69.6%)
Pure MS	4 (13.8%)	1 (17%)	3 (13%)
Mixed MR+MS	2 (10.3%)	0	3 (13%)
Pure AR	2 (6.9%)	1 (17%)	1 (4.4%)	0.65*
≥2 valves	n=25	n=8	n=17
Mixed MR+TR	12 (48%)	1 (13%)	11 (64.7%)
Mixed MR+AR	4 (16%)	4 (50%)	0
Mixed MS+TR	4 (16%)	0	4 (23.5%)
Mixed MR+MS+TR	3 (12%)	1 (13%)	2 (11.8%)
Mixed MS+TR+AR	2 (8%)	2 (25%)	0	<0.01*
Location of the surgical site
Rwanda	40 (82%)	12 (92%)	28 (78%)
Sudan	6 (12%)	1 (8%)	5 (14%)
South Africa	1 (2%)	0	1 (3%)
India	2 (4%)	0	2 (6%)	0.87*
Number of valves replacement	n=54	n=14	n=40
1	30 (56%)	7 (50%)	23 (58%)
2	22 (41%)	5 (36%)	17 (42%)
3	2 (4%)	2 (14%)	0	1.0*
Postoperation
Symptoms (NYHA) postoperation	n=53	n=13	n=40
Stage I	41 (77%)	11 (85%)	30 (75%)
Stage II	10 (19%)	2 (15%)	8 (20%)
Stage IV	2 (4%)	0	2 (5%)	1.00*

*Fisher’s exact test.

AR, aortic regurgitation; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; NYHA, New York Heart  Association; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.