Table 1.

Distribution of education and socioeconomic status by refractive error, by different thresholds for myopia

Refractive error category	Moderate to severe myopia*		Mild myopia						Emmetropia						Hypermetropia†
			Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
SE	≤−3.0D		−2.99 to −1D		–2.99 to −0.75D		−2.99 to −0.5D		>-1 to <+1D		>−0.75 to <+1D		>−0.5 to <+1D		≥+1D
	n	%	n	%	N	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
All	248		554		723		932		1005		836		627		178
Man	109	44	271	49	358	50	453	49	490	49	403	48	308	49	77	43
Woman	139	56	283	51	365	50	479	51	515	51	433	52	319	51	101	57
Highest educational attainment
<O levels	22	9	88	16	130	18	189	20	237	24	195	23	136	22	44	25
O levels	71	29	154	28	196	27	259	28	328	33	286	34	223	36	54	30
A levels	42	17	122	22	152	21	193	21	176	17	146	18	105	17	29	16
Higher education	113	46	190	34	245	34	291	31	264	26	209	25	163	26	51	29
Socioeconomic status
Manual	29	12	96	17	126	17	174	19	239	24	209	25	161	26	41	23
Non-manual	219	88	458	83	597	83	758	81	766	76	627	75	466	74	137	77

Frequencies are based on mean SE between the two eyes in individuals.

*Moderate to severe myopia SE −3.00 D or more extreme (≤−3.0D) in all models.

†Hypermetropia SE +1.00D or more extreme (≥+1D) in all models.

SE, spherical equivalent.