Table 1.
Some examples of in vitro thermotherapy followed by shoot tip culture for virus eradication
| Plant species and cultivars or genotypes | Viruses | Temperature and duration | Shoot survival after thermotherapy (%) | Size of shoot tips (mm) | Shoot tip survival (%) | Virus-free frequency (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbaceous crops | |||||||
| Potato ‘Diamond’ | Potato virus Y (PVY) | 37 °C, 40 days | 43 | 1.0 cm | NT | 33 | [64] |
| Potato ‘Burren’ and ‘Binella’ | PVY | 37 °C, 40 days | NT | 0.1–0.3 | 88–100 | 56–81 | [25] |
| Potato genotype ‘040138’ | Potato virus X (PVX) | 32 °C/42 °C, (day/night), 35 days | 80–100 | NS | NT | 80 | [66] |
| Cassava ‘Olho Junto’ | Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) | 39 °C/28 °C, (day/night), 30 days | NT | NS | NT | 72 | [115] |
| Cassava ‘Kibandameno’ | East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) |
35 °C, 42 days | 81 | NS | NT | 78 | [55] |
| Garlic ‘Morado’, ‘Union’, ‘Fuego’, ‘Lican’, ‘Nieve’, ‘Castaño’, ‘Violeta’, ‘Gostoso’, ‘Norteño’, ‘Perla’, ‘Sureño’ | OYDV, LYSV, GCLV, garlic mite-borne filamentous virus (GarMbFV), garlic virus D (GarVD) | 36 °C, 30–40 days | 55–57 | 0.3 | NT | 63–100 (OYDV), 80–100 (LYSV), 93–100 (GCLV), 67–100 (GarMbFV), 18–97 (GarVD) | [116] |
| Garlic (cultivars not specified) | Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) | 50 °C, 2 h | NT | 0.3–0.5 | NT | 19 (OYDV) 33 (LYSV) |
[117] |
| Garlic ‘Hamedan’ | OYDV and garlic virus A, B, C, D (GarVs) | 36 °C, 5 weeks | NT | 1.0–2.0 | 71 | 0 (OYDV) 90 (GarVs) |
[118] |
| Garlic ‘Jonas’ | OYDV, LYSV and garlic common latent virus (GCLV) | 38 °C, 30 days | NT | 0.3–0.5 | 72 | 83 (OYDV) 100 (LYSV) 39 (GCLV) |
[112] |
| Herbaceous crops | |||||||
| Chrysanthemum ‘Regol Time’ | Chrysanthemum B virus (CVB) | 38 °C, 30 days | NT | 0.3–1.0 | NT | 12 | [28] |
| Lilium × elegans genotypes 409 and 599 | Lilium symptomless virus (LSV) | 35 °C, 42 days | NT | 0.3 | NT | 100 | [83] |
| Lilium Asiatic hybrid ‘Visconti’, and LA hybrids ‘Fangio’ and ‘Lacorno’ | LSV, lily mottle virus (LMoV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) | 35 °C, 5 weeks | NT | NS | NT | 100 (LSV) 100 (CMV) 100 (LMoV) |
[51] |
| Begonia | Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) | 38 °C/22 °C, (day/night), 35 days | NT | 2–3 cm | NT | 37.5 | [63] |
| Horseradish | Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) | 37 °C, 23 days | 100 | 0.5 | NT | 100 | [53] |
| Artichoke | Artichoke Italian latent virus (AILV), artichoke latent virus (ArLV) | 38 °C, 15 days | NT | 0.3–0.8 | 75 | 100 | [84] |
| Woody species | |||||||
| Apple ‘Idared’ and ‘Sampion’ | Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and (ASPV) (Idared) ACLSV, ASPV and apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) (Sampion) |
39 °C, 6 days | NT | 1.0–2.0 | 63 (Idared) 44 (Sampion) |
60 (Idared) 0 (Sampion) |
[71] |
| Apple ‘Yanfu9’, ‘Xinyanfu3’, ‘Xin2001’, ‘Gala’, Huafu, ‘Apple 123’ and ‘Zhengzhou No. 5’ | ACLSV, ASGV, ASPV and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) | 38 °C, 30 days | NT | 1.0 | 26 (Total) | 43 (Total) | [40] |
| Woody species | |||||||
| Apple (Malus × domestica cvs. Gala, Ruiyang, Nongguo 25, Fuji, M. paradisiaca M9) | ASGV | 36 °C/32 °C, (day/night), 4 weeks | 100 | 1.5 | 63–90 | 7–38 | [23] |
| Apple ‘Oregon Spur-II’ | ACLSV, ApMV, ASGV, ASPV | 37–40 °C, 4 weeks | NT | 0.3–0.6 | 26–33 | 75 (ACLSV) 100 (ApMV, ASGV and ASPV) |
[77] |
| Pear ‘Huang-hua’ | ASGV and ACLSV | 37 °C, 35 days | 64 | 1.0 | NT | 66.7 (ACLSV) 33.3 (ASGV) |
[60] |
| Pear ‘Fengshui’, ‘Jingshui No. 1’, ‘4’ and ‘14’ | ASGV, ACLSV and ASPV | 42 °C/34 °C, (day/night), 55 days | 20–57 | 0.5–1.0 | NT | 100 | [58] |
| Pear ‘Jinshui no. 2’ | ASGV ACLSV | 35 °C, 40 days | 100 | 0.5 | 66.7 | 33.3 | [61] |
| Apricot ‘Bebecou’ | Plum pox virus (PPV) | 35–37 °C, 20 days | NT | 1.0–2.0 (meristem), 5.0 cm (Shoot tip) | 35 (Meristem), 28 (Shoot tip) | 74 (Meristem) 82 (Shoot tip) |
[69] |
| Nectarine ‘Arm King’ | PPV and prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) | 35 °C, 2 weeks | NT | 1.3–2.0 | 38 | 86 (PPV) 81 (PNRSV) |
[56] |
| Woody species | |||||||
| Plum ‘Earliblue’ | PNRSV | 35–38 °C, 10–12 days | 14–71 | 5.0 | NT | 100 | [57] |
| Grapevine ‘Napoleon’ | Grapevine leafroll-asso ciated virus-3 (GLRaV-3), grapevine fan leaf virus (GFLV) | 37 °C/34 °C, (day/night) 1.5 months |
NT | 0.5–3.0 | 53–80 | 72–100 (GLRaV-3) 100 (GFLV) |
[79] |
| Grapevine ‘Sagrantino’ | Grape virus A (GVA) | 36 °C, 57 days | NT | 1.0 cm | NT | 60 | [72] |
| Grapevine ‘Mantilaria’ and ‘Prevezaniko’ | Grapevine leafroll associated virus (GLRaV) and GRSPaV | 40 °C/37 °C, (day/night), 1 weeks | 59.37 (Mantilaria) 41.86 (Prevezaniko) |
5.0 | 96 (Mantilaria) 78 (Prevezaniko) |
38 (Mantilaria) 89 (Prevezaniko) |
[81] |
| Grapevine ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ and ‘Shahroodi’ | GFLV | 40 °C/30 °C, (day/night), 7 weeks | NT | NT | NT | 100 | [119] |
| Grapevine ‘Agiorgitiko’ | GLRaV-1 and GRSPaV | 40 °C/37 °C, (day/night), 1 weeks | 53 | 0.1–0.2 (Meristem) 5.0 (Shoot tip) |
56 (Meristem) 88 (Shoot tip) |
62 (Meristem) 38 (Shoot tip) |
[24] |
| Grapevine ‘Kober 5BB’ | GVA, GFLV, grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3 | 37 °C, 48 days | 100 | NS | NT | 100 (GFLV), 70 (GVA), 25 (GFLaV-1), 25 (GLRaV-3) and 0 (GFKV) | [86] |
| Fig ‘Biadi’ and ‘Aswad’ | Fig leaf mottle-associated virus-1 and 2 (FLMaV-1 and FLMaV-2), and fig mosaic virus (FMV) | 35 °C, 30 days | NT | 6.0 | 39 (Biadi) 42 (Aswad) |
0–81 | [87] |
| Raspberry ‘Gatineau’ | Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) | 37 °C, 21 days | NT | 0.2–0.3 | NT | 39 | [120] |
| Black raspberry (cultivars not specified) | Black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) | 29 °C and 38 °C (in 4-h interval), 5 weeks | NT | NS | 90 | 100 | [62] |
| Caper (cultivars not specified) | Caper latent virus (CapLV) | 38 °C, 45–60 days | 97 | 0.3–0.4 | 60–93 | 89–93 | [80] |
NS not specified, NT not tested