Extended Data Figure 1 |. Optogenetic photoinhibition of cortical neurons in Emx1-Halo is highly efficacious.

a, Juxtasomal recordings in awake, head-fixed mice were made below an optic fiber placed above a thinned, transparent skull. b, Raster plot for example neuron for randomly interleaved laser off (top) or on (bottom) trials, with air puff schematized below. c, Population peri-stimulus time histograms of 35 cell with regular-spiking (RS) waveforms (cortical depth: 280–1120 ¼m, n=4 mice) for laser-off and -on trials. Both spontaneous and whisker stimulus-evoked spikes are silenced. Shaded area: laser on. d, Efficiency of RS cell inactivation by laser power and e, cortical depth, where % inactivation is relative to cell’s spike rate during laser-off trials. f, Lateral extent of inactivation. Illumination of 20–40 mW reliably inactivated an area within a 1-mm radius. g, Photoinhibition at 40 mW fully blocked spontaneous and sensory-evoked spikes (100% inactivation relative to laser-off trials) in 83% of RS cells and >96% of spikes in 94% of RS cells (same cells as in panel c). h, Fast-spiking (FS) neurons (n = 8 cells) were similarly silenced. i, Estimated area of photoinhibition with 40-mW relative to barrel cortex (1-mm radius around C2 barrel, red circle) depicted with a tangential section through barrel cortex of an Nr5a1-eYFP mouse with layer 4 labeled to visualize barrels. j, Emx1-Halo-mediated cortical inactivation was also assessed during detection behavior with array recordings (n=8 session, 3 mice). k, Same data from Fig. 1e replotted on a logarithmic scale to show low spike rates during laser on trials. l, Behavioral performance during laser off and on trials did not correlate with spiking activity for each trial type (4 sessions from 3 mice with % correct for laser-off trials: 82, 87, 80, and 78%). m, Laser-on data in l, replotted with larger scale to visualize data during laser-on trials. Error bars: d-h, median ± interquartile range. l,m, mean and S.E.M.