Table 3.

Multivariable logistic regression for persistent opioid use.

	Coef (β)	Odds Ratio (OR)	95% CI OR	P-value
Age	0.10	1.11	1.04 – 1.17	0.001
Geographic Region (ref: Northeast)
North Central	0.90	2.46	1.02 – 5.93	0.045
South	0.97	2.63	1.14 – 6.08	0.023
West	1.17	3.22	1.33 – 7.77	0.009
Unknown	1.08	2.94	0.56 – 15.46	0.202
Type of Surgery (ref: Alveolar cleft bone graft)
Distraction osteogenesis	1.68	5.34	2.00 – 14.24	0.001
Palatoplasty, pharyngeal flap, repair of nasolabial/oral-nasal fistula	0.61	1.84	0.61 – 5.52	0.279
Cleft lip/nose revision, adjacent tissue transfer	0.13	1.14	0.42 – 3.06	0.796
Cleft rhinoplasty	0.10	1.11	0.29 – 4.25	0.882
Orthognathic procedures	0.60	1.83	0.61 – 5.47	0.279
More than one surgery	0.30	1.35	0.62 – 2.95	0.446
Feudtner Pediatric Complex Chronic Conditions
Respiratory	−1.49	0.22	0.03 – 1.74	0.152
Gastrointestinal	2.00	7.37	1.49 – 36.54	0.014
Other Congenital or Genetic Defect	0.60	1.83	0.77 – 4.37	0.175
Chronic Pain	−0.43	0.65	0.28 – 1.54	0.330
Mental Condition: Depression	0.83	2.29	0.80 – 6.57	0.123