Table 1.
Studies on gender-based differences in affective disorder and intervention outcomes.
| Citations | Sample size (females) | Mean age (range) | Key outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Briere, Rohde, Stice, & Morizot, 2016 | 631 (365) | 15.5 (13–19) | A Cognitive Behavioral (CB) intervention was administered to adolescents with depression. Girls were more likely to experience a chronic course of depression and were less likely to benefit from CB. |
| Bender, Reinholdt-Dunne, Esbjørn, & Pons, 2012 | 544 (298) | 12.24 (9–16) | Girls experience more difficulties in emotion regulation, and compared to boys, are more likely to experience anxiety due to difficulties in emotion regulation. |
| Calvete & Cardeñoso, 2005 | 856 (491) | 15.92 (14–17) | Gender differences in depression were mediated by negative self-focused cognitions and the need for approval and success. This pattern was more prevalent in younger adolescents relative to older adolescents. |
| Deardorff et al., 2007 | 106 (55) | 10.25 (9.5–11) | This study investigates the effects of gender and puberty on symptoms of social anxiety. Advanced puberty is associated with increased social anxiety symptoms in girls but not in boys. |
| De Boo & Spiering, 2010 | 404 (219) | 10.7 (8–12) | Gender differences in vulnerability to depression are measurable in preadolescence and are related to mood and emotional coping strategies. |
| Essau, Lewinsohn, Seeley, & Sasagawa, 2010 | 773 (460) | 16.6 (14–17) | Lower onset age predicted greater likelihood of developing a chronic course of depression (more episodes) in girls but not in boys. Into adulthood girls experienced longer and more frequent episodes of depression. |
| Graham & Weems, 2015 | 225 (124) | 12.28 (6–17) | Parental anxiety sensitivity and parenting style affect boys and girls differentially. Parental anxiety is predictive of anxiety in girls, but is negatively associated with anxiety in boys. |
| Hankin, Mermelstein, & Roesch, 2007 | 538 (293) | 14.9 (13–18) | Girls reported greater levels of depressive symptoms and girls experienced more stressors compared to boys, particularly in the interpersonal domain. |
| Mezulis, Funasaki, Charbonneau, & Hyde, 2010 | 366 (185) | 11.2 and 15.2 (11–15) | Cognitive vulnerability and life stress differentially interact with depression trajectories, which in turn are moderated by gender. |
| Muris, Mayer, & Schubert, 2010 | 209 (106) | 11.07 (10–13) | A feminine gender role is positively associated with fear and anxiety in children, indicating that gender role orientation apart from physiological sex influences affective patterns in children. |
| Walsh, Stewart, McLaughlin, & Comeau, 2004 | 1698 (821) | 14.3a | Girls score higher on global measures of anxiety sensitivity. Factors contributing to anxiety differ between girls and boys, with girls demonstrating more physically-related concerns relative to psychological or social concerns. |
a
Information on age range not available.