Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval estimated by logistic regression of patients diagnosed with CKD in Taiwan during 2001–2012.
| Variable | Non-CHM |
CHM |
p value | OR (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 550 | N = 550 | ||||||
| 50.00% | 50.00% | ||||||
| n | % | n | % | Crude | Adjusted | ||
| Sex | 0.99 | ||||||
| Female | 236 | 42.9 | 236 | 42.9 | 1 | Ref | |
| Male | 314 | 57.1 | 314 | 57.1 | 1 (0.79–1.27) | 0.9 (0.7–1.16) | |
| Age at baseline | 0.99 | ||||||
| <20 | 3 | 0.55 | 3 | 0.55 | 1 | Ref | |
| 20–39 | 38 | 6.91 | 38 | 6.91 | 1 (0.19–5.27) | 0.97 (0.18–5.22) | |
| 40–59 | 240 | 43.6 | 240 | 43.6 | 1 (0.2–5) | 1.01 (0.2–5.19) | |
| ≥60 | 269 | 48.9 | 269 | 48.9 | 1 (0.2–5) | 1.08 (0.21–5.6) | |
| Mean(SD)‡ | 59.5(13.00) | 59.3(12.88) | 0.82 | ||||
| Job type | 0.05 | ||||||
| Office worker | 225 | 40.9 | 265 | 48.2 | 1 | Ref | |
| Manual worker | 273 | 49.6 | 243 | 44.2 | 0.76 (0.59–0.97)∗ | 0.78 (0.6–1) | |
| Others | 52 | 9.45 | 42 | 7.64 | 0.69 (0.44–1.07) | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | |
| Area | 0.04 | ||||||
| Northern Taiwan | 219 | 39.8 | 207 | 37.6 | 1 | Ref | |
| Central Taiwan | 158 | 28.7 | 192 | 34.9 | 1.29 (0.97–1.71) | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | |
| Southern Taiwan | 139 | 25.3 | 132 | 24 | 1 (0.74–1.36) | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | |
| Eastern Taiwan and offshore islands | 34 | 6.18 | 19 | 3.45 | 0.59 (0.33–1.07) | 0.67 (0.37–1.23) | |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Diabetes | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 284 | 51.6 | 356 | 64.7 | 1 | Ref | |
| Yes | 266 | 48.4 | 194 | 35.3 | 0.58 (0.46–0.74)∗∗∗ | 0.57 (0.44–0.74)∗∗∗ | |
| Hypertension | 0.43 | ||||||
| No | 118 | 21.5 | 129 | 23.5 | 1 | Ref | |
| Yes | 432 | 78.6 | 421 | 76.6 | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 1.11 (0.81–1.53) | |
| Ileal conduit | 0.32 | ||||||
| No | 547 | 99.5 | 544 | 98.9 | 1 | Ref | |
| Yes | 3 | 0.55 | 6 | 1.09 | 2.01 (0.5–8.08) | 2.45 (0.59–10.1) | |
| Neurogenic bladder | 0.56 | ||||||
| No | 545 | 99.1 | 543 | 98.7 | 1 | Ref | |
| Yes | 5 | 0.91 | 7 | 1.27 | 1.41 (0.44–4.45) | 1.41 (0.42–4.72) | |
| Urinary tract infection | 0.01 | ||||||
| No | 447 | 81.3 | 478 | 86.9 | 1 | Ref | |
| Yes | 103 | 18.7 | 72 | 13.1 | 0.65 (0.47–0.91)∗ | 0.69 (0.49–0.98)∗ | |
∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ‡Student’s t-test. CHM, Chinese herbal medicine; SD, standard deviation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. The mean (median) of follow-up duration was 1.00 (0.27) years and 3.93 (2.93) for case cohort and compared cohort. Adjusted OR: multiple variable logistic regression adjusted by sex, age, job type, area, and all comorbidities.