Table 1.

Intervention effects on jigsaw puzzle skill and visuospatial cognition.

Measure		Group	Pretest	Posttest	Pre-posttest		Training benefit
Name	rreliability	Name	Score	Score	Changea	[95% CI]b	Cohen’s db	[95% CI]c	p-valued
Jigsaw puzzle skill	0.90	Jigsaw puzzle	–0.10	0.33	0.46	[0.35 to 0.57]	0.38	[0.21 to 0.54]	<0.001
		Counseling	0.10	0.19	0.08	[–0.04 to 0.21]
Global visuospatial cognition	0.90	Jigsaw puzzle	–0.03	0.34	0.38	[0.25 to 0.51]	–0.08	[–0.27 to 0.10]	0.39
		Counseling	0.03	0.49	0.46	[0.32 to 0.60]
Visual perception	0.72	Jigsaw puzzle	–0.06	–0.20	–0.11	[–0.31 to 0.09]	–0.27	[–0.58 to 0.03]	0.50
		Counseling	0.06	0.23	0.16	[–0.07 to 0.40]
Constructional praxis	0.42	Jigsaw puzzle	0.16	0.27	0.11	[–0.19 to 0.40]	–0.14	[–0.55 to 0.27]	>0.99
		Counseling	–0.17	0.08	0.25	[–0.04 to 0.54]
Mental rotation	0.83	Jigsaw puzzle	0.04	0.24	0.23	[0.06 to 0.41]	–0.31	[–0.55 to -0.07]	0.08
		Counseling	–0.05	0.50	0.54	[0.38 to 0.70]
Processing speed	0.71	Jigsaw puzzle	–0.07	0.17	0.24	[0.05 to 0.43]	–0.01	[–0.30 to 0.28]	>0.99
		Counseling	0.08	0.33	0.25	[0.02 to 0.48]
Cognitive flexibility	0.74	Jigsaw puzzle	–0.05	0.21	0.26	[0.05 to 0.48]	0.06	[–0.23 to 0.35]	>0.99
		Counseling	0.06	0.26	0.20	[0.005 to 0.40]
Working memory	0.72	Jigsaw puzzle	–0.13	0.05	0.20	[–0.02 to 0.42]	0.03	[–0.27 to 0.33]	>0.99
		Counseling	0.15	0.32	0.17	[–0.04 to 0.38]
Episodic memory	0.65	Jigsaw puzzle	0.04	1.01	0.97	[0.72 to 1.21]	0.07	[–0.27 to 0.42]	>0.99
		Counseling	–0.05	0.85	0.90	[0.65 to 1.15]
Reasoning	0.84	Jigsaw puzzle	–0.08	0.11	0.20	[0.03 to 0.36]	0.12	[–0.11 to 0.35]	>0.99
		Counseling	0.08	0.16	0.08	[–0.09 to 0.24]

CI = confidence intervals.

^apositive values indicate beneficial change scores.

^bpositive values indicate benefits of the jigsaw puzzle group.

^cconfidence intervals are not adjusted for multiple comparisons.

^dp-values of the group × time interaction of the mixed effects model including 99 participants for each outcome.