Table 3.

Most promising proteomics-derived biomarkers for Prostate Cancer.

Biomarkers	Type of Sample †	Sample Size †	Methods	Performance †	REF
Detection of cancer
AZGP1	Urine after DRE	n = 127	WB	AUC = 0.68 (95% CI 0.59–0.78); AZGP1 + PSA: AUC = 0.75 (95% CI 0.66–0.85)	[55]
β2M + PGA3 + MUC3A	Urine	n = 173	WB	AUC = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.63–0.79); Biomarkers + PSA categories: AUC = 0.81 (95%CI 0.74–0.89)	[56]
TGM4 + ADSV	Urine after DRE/ EVs	n = 107	SRM	AUC = 0.65 (95%CI 0.55–0.76)	[57]
CE-MS biomarker panel	Urine	n = 213	CE-MS	AUC = 0.70; Biomarkers + clinical variables: AUC = 0.82 (95% CI/ not reported)	[45,47]
HYOU1 + ASPN + CTSD + OLFM4 + PSA	Serum	n = 105; Test set: n = 37	SRM	AUC = 0.84 (95% CI 0.82–0.96); Test set: Sensitivity of 64.3% sensitivity, 82.6% specificity	[58]
Risk stratification to guide treatment
CUL2 + DERL1 + FUS + HSPA9 + PDSS2 + pS6+ SMAD4 + YBX1	Tissue	n = 276	QMPI	AUC = 0.68 (95% CI 0.61–0.74, N = 274) for “favorable pathology” vs. “non-favorable pathology” ¥ AUC = 0.65 (95%CI 0.58–0.72, p < 0.0001, n = 276) for “GS 6” vs. “non–GS 6” ¥	[24]
NAAA + PTK7	Tissue	n = 336	IHC	AUC = 0.80 (95%CI 0.799–0.803)	[59]
pro-NPY + ERG	Tissue	n = 752	IHC	Level of pro-NPY alone or together with ERG is predictive of PC mortality in patients with low-grade PC	[60]

Abbreviations: ADSV—Adseverin, ASPN—Asporin, AUC—Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AZGP1—Zinc-α2-glycoprotein; β2M—Beta-2-microglobulin, CE-MS—Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Mass Spectrometry, CI—Confidence Interval, CTSD—Cathepsin D, CUL2—Cullin-2, DERL1—Derlin-1, DRE—Digital Rectal Examination, ERG—Transcriptional regulator ERG, EVs—Extracellular vesicles, FUS—RNA-binding protein FUS, GS—Gleason Score, HSPA9—Stress-70 protein, mitochondrial, HYOU1—Hypoxia upregulated protein 1, IHC—Immunohistochemistry, MUC3A—Mucin-3A, NAAA—N-acylethanolamine acid amidase, OLFM4—Olfactomedin-4, PC—Prostate cancer, PDSS2—Decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase subunit 2, PGA3—Pepsin A-3, pro-NPY—Proneuropeptide-Y, pS6—phospho-S6-Ser235/236, PSA—Prostate-specific antigen, PTK7—Inactive tyrosine-protein kinase 7, QMPI—Quantitative multiplex proteomics imaging, SMAD4—Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, SRM—Selected Reaction Monitoring, TGM4—Transglutaminase-4, WB—Western Blot, YBX1—Nuclease-sensitive element-binding protein 1. ^† Verification/Validation cohort, ^¥ “favorable pathology”: Surgical Gleason ≤ 3 + 4 and organ confined (≤T2); “nonfavorable pathology”: surgical Gleason ≥ 4 + 3 or non-organ confined (T3a, T3b, N, or M); “GS 6”: Surgical Gleason = 3 + 3 and localized ≤ T3a; “non-GS 6”: surgical Gleason ≥ 3 + 4 or nonlocalized (T3b, N, or M).