Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of HC (n = 120) and PD (n = 106) participants and NS (N = 699)
| HC | (Range) | PD | (Range) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 58.03 ± 8.59 | (41–82) | 59.93 ± 8.41 | (41–82) | 0.094a |
| Education | 14.60 ± 2.87 | (9–25) | 14.12 ± 2.95 | (8–21) | 0.223a |
| Sex (% men) | 60 | 65 | 0.241b | ||
| Laterality (% right‐handed) | 89 | 97 | 0.016b | ||
| Language (% Czech) | 100 | — | 100 | — | — |
| Ethnicity (% Caucasians) | 100 | — | 100 | — | — |
| BDI‐II | 5.33 ± 3.38 | (0–12) | 10.77 ± 5.98 | (0–31) | <0.001a |
| Duration of PD, years | — | 12.08 ± 4.54 | (4–30) | — | |
| UPDRS‐III | — | 16.55 ± 9.00 | (2–39) | — | |
| H & Y stage | — | 2.06 ± 0.58 | (1–3) | — | |
| Medication, mg LEDD | — | 1193 ± 637 | (565–2,828) | — | |
| NS | No. (n %) | ||||
| Age | 25–29 | 9 (1.3) | |||
| 30–34 | 20 (2.9) | ||||
| 35–39 | 13 (1.9) | ||||
| 40–44 | 26 (3.7) | ||||
| 45–49 | 30 (4.3) | ||||
| 50–54 | 28 (4.0) | ||||
| 55–59 | 31 (4.4) | ||||
| 60–64 | 93 (13.3) | ||||
| 65–69 | 91 (13.0) | ||||
| 70–74 | 95 (13.6) | ||||
| 75–79 | 79 (11.3) | ||||
| 80–84 | 90 (12.9) | ||||
| 85–89 | 66 (9.4) | ||||
| 90+ | 28 (4.0) | ||||
| Education | Lower | 185 (26.5) | |||
| Higher | 514 (73.5) | ||||
| Laterality | Right‐handed | 636 (91.0) | |||
| Others | 63 (9.0) | ||||
| Sex | Female | 354 (50.6) | |||
| Male | 345 (49.4) |
Mean and SD with range in parentheses or percentages reported. LEDD and dopamine agonist equivalent daily dose (DAED) for each patient were calculated on the basis of theoretical l‐dopa equivalents, as follows: l‐dopa dose + l‐dopa dose × 1/3 if on entacapone + l‐dopa dose × 1/2 if on tolcapone, pramipexole (mg) × 100 + ropinirole (mg) × 20 + rotigotine (mg) × 30 + selegiline (mg) × 10 + rasagiline (mg) × 100 + amantadine × 1 + apomorphine (mg) × 10. NS: other = left handed, ambidextrous, or nondominant right‐handed (left‐handed from birth but instructed to write with nondominant right hand); lower = level of formal education as measured by number of years spent at school (8–11 years of formal education); higher = college‐level or higher‐level education (12 and more years).
aIndependent‐samples t test.
bχ2 test.