Table I.
Results
| Nonexposed | Exposed | Mixed | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Maternal cigarette smoking | |||
| Mother: Cig smoking during pregnancy | 0 (209) | 11 ± 6.7 (199) | N/A |
| [No cig/day in 2nd trimester; M ± SD (n)] | |||
| Mother: Cig smoking during breastfeeding [No cig/day; M ± SD (n)] | 0 | 7.5 ± 7.5 (65) | N/A |
| Mother: Age of onset for cig smoking [years; M ± SD (n)] | 12.4 ± 5.2 (35) | 14.3 ± 2.6 (59) | 15.4 ± 2.9 (14) |
| Mother: Negative life long history of cig smoking (No of mothers) | 45 (88) | 0 (82) | 0 (23) |
| Mother: Cig smoking at present (No of mothers) | 8 (88) | 48 (82) | 5 (23) |
| Mother: Cig smoking at present [No cig/day; M ± SD (n)] | 7 ± 4.2 (8) | 16.8 ± 7.98 (48) | 12.4 ± 3.6 (5) |
| B. Demographics | |||
| Ado: Age (M ± SD) | 14.5 ± 1.87 (209) | 14.7 ± 1.86 (199) | N/A |
| Ado: Sex (F:M) | 103:106 | 107:92 | N/A |
| Female Ado: Menstruation (Percent menstruating) | 84% (83/99) | 83% (87/105) | N/A |
| Female Ado: Menarche [M ± SD; years; (n)] | 11.8 ± 1.4 (83) | 12.1 ± 1.4 (87) | N/A |
| Puberty [M ± SD; Tanner stage; (n)] | 3.75 ± 0.9 (191) | 3.86 ± 0.85 (173) | N/A |
| Sibship Size [M ± SD (n)] | 2.2 ± 0.45 (89) | 2.1 ± 0.39 (82) | 2.2 ± 0.4 (24) |
| Mother: Age [M ± SD (n)] | 42.01 ± 3.65 (89) | 41.6 ± 3.6 (82) | 41.7 ± 3.8 (24) |
| Father: Age [M± SD (n)] | 44.8 ± 3.8 (88) | 43.96 ± 3.3 (82) | 44.4 ± 4.5 (24) |
| A07f: Mother: Edu [M ± SD (n)] | 3.3 ± 0.9 (78) | 3.3 ± 0.8 (67) | 3.7 ± 0.9 (20) |
| A07f: Father: Edu [M ± SD (n)] | 3.6 ± 0.9 (74) | 3.3 ± 0.8 (66) | 3.5 ± 0.96 (19) |
| B09f: Mother: Edu [M ± SD (n)] | 4.7 ± 1.5 (82) | 4.5 ± 1.45 (71) | 5.5 ± 1.4 (19) |
| B09f: Father: Edu [M ± SD (n)] | 5.3 ± 1.7 (77) | 4.7 ± 1.6 (66) | 5.1 ± 1.4 (19) |
| Mother: Employment [M ± SD (n)] | 2.5 ± 1.8 (86) | 2.7 ± 1.9 (81) | 2.3 ± 2.1 (24) |
| Father: Employment [M ± SD (n)] | 1.6 ± 1.6 (83) | 1.7 ± 1.6 (75) | 1.3 ± 1.3 (23) |
| Household income [in thousands CAD, M ± SD (n)] | 54.9 ± 21.4 (87) | 51.7 ± 25.4 (81) | 59.2 ± 18.5 (24) |
| Perceived economic situation [M ± SD (n)] | 1.9 ± 0.6 (84) | 1.9 ± 0.6 (75) | 1.7 ± 0.5 (23) |
| Number of children in household [M ± SD (n)] | 2.46 ± 0.7 (84) | 2.3 ± 0.6 (75) | 2.4 ± 0.8 (23) |
| Number of persons in household [M ± SD (n)] | 4.57 ± 0.9 (84) | 4.3 ± 0.8 (74) | 4.5 ± 1.03 (23) |
| C. Pregnancy, birth, and breastfeeding | |||
| Number of pregnancies [M ± SD (n)] | 3.3 ± 1.2 (89) | 3.2 ± 1.4 (81) | 3.58 ± 1.5 (24) |
| Number of spontaneous abortion and stillbirths [M ± SD (n)] | 0.48 ± 0.8 (89) | 0.54 ± 0.9 (81) | 0.79 ± 1.14 (24) |
| Pregnancy duration [weeks; M ± SD (n)] | 39.1 ± 1.6 (206) | 39.2 ± 1.5 (198) | N/A |
| Pregnancy and birth complications [M ± SD (n)] | 0.28 ± 0.5 (208) | 0.26 ± 0.5 (195) | N/A |
| Birth weight (g; M ± SEM) | 3530 ± 468 (205) | 3239 ± 486 (195) | N/A |
| Breastfeeding: Frequency of yes (total n) | 116 (206) | 61 (195) | N/A |
| Breastfeeding: Total duration [age in weeks; M ± SD (n)] | 18.6 ± 16.3 (116) | 15.2 ± 12.3 (61) | N/A |
| Breastfeeding: First other milk [age in weeks; M ± SD (n)] | 13.8 ± 12.5 (116) | 11.3 ± 8.7 (61) | N/A |
| Breastfeeding: First other liquid [age in weeks; M ± SD (n)] | 12.6 ± 9.3 (208) | 10.45 ± 8.6 (193) | N/A |
| Breastfeeding: First solids [age in weeks; M ± SD (n)] | 14.02 ± 9.7 (208) | 12.2 ± 8.5 (191) | N/A |
| D. Medical History, psychiatric history and antisocial behavior | |||
| Child's medical history: Positive answers [M ± SD (n)] | 0.09 ± 0.3 (208) | 0.1 ± 0.32 (195) | N/A |
| Ado: History of head trauma (Frequency) | 27/200 | 19/191 | N/A |
| Ado: Psychiatric symptoms (Sum of DPS symptoms) | 15.5 ± 11.5 (201) | 18.8 ± 12.8 (188) | N/A |
| Family's Medical History, Mother's side: Positive answers [M ± SD (n)] | 3.7 ± 2.01 (88) | 3.2 ± 2.2 (81) | 3.04 ± 2.2 (24) |
| Family's Medical History, Father's side: Positive answers [M ± SD (n)] | 3.98 ± 2.3 (88) | 3.3 ± 2.2 (81) | 3.5 ± 2.00 (24) |
| Mother's depression [M ± SD (n)] | 16.25 ± 4.0 (84) | 17.1 ± 4.0 (77) | 17.04 ± 5.4 (23) |
| Mother's anxiety [M ± SD (n)] | 19.3 ± 5.98 (84) | 19.1 ± 4.9 (77) | 18.3 ± 4.1 (23) |
| Father's depression [M ± SD (n)] | 16.5 ± 4.1 (82) | 15.8 ± 4.3 (73) | 16.7 ± 5.6 (23) |
| Father's anxiety [M ± SD (n)] | 18.1 ± 5.9 (82) | 17.3 ± 4.96 (73) | 17.7 ± 5.4 (23) |
| Mother's antisocial behavior in adolescence [M ± SD (n)] | 0.13 ± 0.4 (84) | 0.36 ± 0.6 (77) | 0.17 ± 0.4 (23) |
| Mother's antisocial behavior in aduthood [M ± SD (n)] | 0.05 ± 0.26 (84) | 0.05 ± 0.28 (77) | 0.04 ± 0.21 (23) |
| Father's antisocial behavior in adolescence [M ± SD (n)] | 0.39 ± 0.86 (82) | 0.7 ± 0.9 (73) | 0.4 ± 0.9 (23) |
| Father's antisocial behavior in adulthood [M ± SD (n)] | 0.16 ± 0.46 (82) | 0.24 ± 0.6 (73) | 0.13 ± 0.46 (23) |
| Ado's physical aggression [M ± SD (n)] | 3.34 ± 0.9 (200) | 3.3 ± 0.9 (181) | N/A |
| Ado's indirect aggression [M ± SD (n)] | 6.3 ± 1.6 (200) | 6.3 ± 1.5 (181) | N/A |
| Ado's fighting [M ± SD (n)] | 5.2 ± 0.8 (200) | 5.2 ± 0.8 (181) | N/A |
| Ado's stealing [M ± SD (n)] | 4.6 ± 1.4 (200) | 4.7 ± 1.4 (181) | N/A |
| Ado's vandalism [M ± SD (n)] | 2.1 ± 0.4 (200) | 2.2 ± 0.6 (181) | N/A |
M, Mean; SD, Standard deviation; F, Female; M, Male; CAD, Canadian dollars; Exposed family = all children exposed to maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy; Non‐exposed family = no children exposed; Mixed family = some children exposed, some non‐exposed.
Bold indicates statistical significant differences between the groups (see results for details).