Table 3.
Comparison of gambling groups on outcome measures
| Characteristic | Non-gamblers (n = 64)a,b,c | Infrequent gamblers (n = 136)a,b,c | Frequent gamblers (no chasing) (n = 74)a,b,c | Frequent gamblers (chasing) (n = 62)a,b,c | χ2 or F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total days gambled last year [mean (SD)] | 29.37 (84.05) | 67.11 (96.76) | 170.39 (24.10) | 7.97 | <.001 | |
| Age at onset of gambling [mean (SD)] | 26.23 (10.38) | 23.96 (10.20) | 20.40 (8.54) | 7.26 | <.001 | |
| Most ever gambled in 1 day ($) | 18.00 | <.001 | ||||
| <100 | 99 (77.34) | 54 (72.97) | 31 (50.00) | |||
| 100–500 | 24 (18.75) | 16 (21.62) | 21 (33.87) | |||
| >500 | 5 (3.91) | 4 (5.41) | 10 (16.13) | |||
| Favorite type of gambling | 23.50 | .003 | ||||
| Lottery | 54 (46.6) | 41 (57.7) | 25 (41.7) | |||
| Sports | 7 (6.0) | 6 (8.5) | 14 (23.3) | |||
| Cards | 12 (10.3) | 10 (14.1) | 11 (18.3) | |||
| Machine | 33 (28.4) | 10 (14.1) | 8 (13.3) | |||
| Other | 10 (8.6) | 4 (5.6) | 2 (3.3) | |||
| Number of types of gambling | 13.18 | <.001 | ||||
| Only one type | 45 (34.4) | 19 (26.4) | 6 (9.7) | |||
| Multiple types of gambling | 86 (65.6) | 53 (73.6) | 56 (90.3) | |||
| Reason for gambling | ||||||
| Socialize with friends/family | 12 (20.7) | 6 (10.5) | 16 (32.0) | 7.51 | .023 | |
| Service from staff | 8 (13.8) | 4 (7.0) | 9 (18.0) | 2.98 | .225 | |
| Be around people | 10 (17.2) | 9 (15.8) | 17 (34.0) | 6.28 | .043 | |
| Excitement/challenge of gambling | 24 (41.4) | 27 (47.4) | 38 (76.0) | 14.47 | <.001 | |
| Win money | 46 (79.3) | 44 (77.2) | 44 (88.0) | 2.25 | .325 | |
| Family history of problem gambling | 23 (35.9) | 54 (39.7) | 35 (47.3) | 45 (72.6) | 22.34 | <.001 |
| PANSS Score [mean (SD)] | ||||||
| Positive | 2.44 (0.72) | 2.45 (0.64) | 2.33 (0.65) | 2.39 (0.66) | 0.55 | .652 |
| Negative | 2.62 (0.80) | 2.58 (0.74) | 2.55 (0.69) | 2.58 (0.60) | 0.11 | .954 |
| Total | 2.45 (0.58) | 2.47 (0.57) | 2.39 (0.49) | 2.40 (0.49) | 0.50 | .682 |
| ASI alcohol score [mean (SD)] | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.08 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.16) | 3.03 | .031 |
| ASI drug score [mean (SD)] | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.07) | 2.81 | .041 |
| Social engagement [mean (SD)] | 8.45 (4.68) | 9.27 (4.35) | 9.57 (4.56) | 9.79 (4.03) | 1.11 | .347 |
Note. PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; ASI: Addiction Severity Index; SD: standard deviation.
a
All data are presented as n(%) unless otherwise noted.
b
Non-gamblers were not included in analyses of gambling-related outcome measures, since they did not gamble in the past year.
c
Due to some missing data, percentages may not be calculated from baseline n in every category.