Table 4.

Comparison of family-related variables and personal outcomes between male and female veterans and non-veterans

	Males				p		OR [95% CI]	Females				p		OR [95% CI]
	Non-veterans (n = 420)		Veterans (n = 210)					Non-veterans (n = 94)		Veterans (n = 47)
	n	%	n	%				n	%	n	%
Children
None	126	29.22	43	20.68	.046*	.222	0.63 [0.40–0.99]	17	20.71	11	30.67	.272	.554	1.71 [0.65–4.46]
1	68	16.13	43	21.61	.129		1.44 [0.90–2.30]	16	15.75	6	11.00	.451		0.67 [0.23–1.94]
2	134	31.34	78	35.72	.331		1.22 [0.82–1.83]	32	31.67	18	37.24	.526		1.29 [0.58–2.85]
3	54	14.21	27	13.25	.768		0.92 [0.55–1.56]	17	19.89	9	13.77	.380		0.65 [0.24–1.72]
4+	37	9.11	19	8.73	.895		0.96 [0.50–1.84]	11	11.98	3	7.32	.433		0.58 [0.15–2.29]
Childhood parental presence
Lived with both parents	350	83.57	156	75.64	.011*	.027*	0.59 [0.39–0.89]	81	85.45	40	83.61	.856	.890	0.90 [0.29–2.79]
Lived with single parent	52	13.24	31	15.87	.436		1.22 [0.74–2.00]	9	11.14	5	13.41	.741		1.24 [0.34–4.54]
Split time between both parents	7	1.52	7	3.41	.122		2.25 [0.78–6.48]	1	0.90	1	1.04	.916		1.16 [0.07–19.60]
Lived with other relative	3	0.42	6	2.39	.009*		5.73 [1.30–25.17]	1	1.60	0	0	.496		n/a
Spent time in care or institute	6	1.25	6	2.70	.216		2.16 [0.62–7.60]	1	0.90	1	1.93	.573		2.18 [0.14–34.98]
Stressful life events
Major traumatic event  experienced (since 16)	160	36.67	102	49.49	.005*		1.69 [1.17–2.44]	29	32.63	19	41.26	.395		1.45 [0.61–3.44]
Any self-harm behaviorsa	60	11.74	38	15.63	.189		1.39 [0.85–2.29]	24	23.60	17	33.40	.262		1.62 [0.69–3.80]
Attempted suicide	16	2.93	12	4.85	.182		1.69 [0.78–3.68]	9	7.89	9	15.71	.139		2.17 [0.76–6.22]
Domestic violence
Physically attacked by partnerb	58	13.07	45	21.57	.013*		1.83 [1.13–2.95]	28	28.29	14	26.05	.797		0.89 [0.38 – 2.12]
Death threats from partner	11	2.06	7	3.19	.407		1.56 [0.54–4.56]	8	7.25	7	13.03	.277		1.92 [0.58–6.31]
Money withheld by partner	24	5.01	17	7.86	.185		1.62 [0.79–3.31]	14	15.81	10	18.65	.684		1.22 [0.46–3.22]
Family concerns (CIS-R)
Worries due to family/spouse/partner	88	20.05	40	19.38	.852		0.96 [0.61–1.50]	42	43.27	13	27.50	.088		0.50 [0.22–1.12]
Irritability due to family/spouse/partner	36	9.63	17	9.37	.928		0.97 [0.50–1.88]	19	19.82	6	11.33	.220		0.52 [0.18–1.51]
Obsessions about family/spouse/partner	7	1.24	5	1.90	.485		1.55 [0.45–5.33]	1	0.54	3	3.21	.087		6.07 [0.58–63.60]
Activities of daily living
Help needed for 1+ ADL	125	25.57	66	30.44	.196		1.27 [0.88–1.84]	36	35.83	17	31.45	.630		0.82 [0.37–1.83]
Helped by 1+ family member	49	9.95	25	13.05	.258		1.36 [0.80–2.32]	15	14.74	8	15.01	.966		1.02 [0.38–2.72]

Note. Percentages are weighted to account for complex survey design; case numbers are unweighted and may not therefore sum due to missing values. p: the significance of Pearson’s χ² test with second-order Rao and Scott’s correction for survey design; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: confidence interval at 95%.

^aParticipant gave a positive response to one or more of the subsequent questions: “Have you ever thought of taking your life, even if you would not really do it?;” “Have you ever made an attempt to take your life, by taking an overdose of tablets or in some other way?;” “Have you deliberately harmed yourself in any way but not with the intention of killing yourself?”

^bParticipant gave a positive response to one or more of the subsequent questions: “Has a current or previous partner ever pushed you, held or pinned you down or slapped you?;” “Has a current or previous partner ever kicked you, bit you, or hit you with a fist or something else, or threw something at you that hurt you?;” “Has a current or previous partner ever choked or tried to strangle you?;” “Has a current or previous partner ever used a weapon against you, i.e., a knife?”

^*Significant result where p < .05.