TABLE 3.
SOME KNOWN REGULATIONS OF ATF/CREB PROTEINS/GENES
| Member | Mode of Regulation | Some Known Regulators |
|---|---|---|
| CREB | posttranslational | cAMP/PKA, calcium ionophore [review (44,95,111,112) and references therein], Tax (120,138,142) |
| CREM | posttranslational | cAMP/PKA, calcium ionophore [review (44,111,112) and references therein] |
| ATF1 | posttranslational | cAMP/PKA (80,107), calcium ionophore/CaM kinase (80,119) |
| CRE-BP1 | posttranslational | E1A (79,84), TPA (144), stress kinases (43,104) |
| protein stability | ubiquitination (33,38) | |
| RNA level | partial hepatectomy (121) | |
| ATF3 | posttranslational | hepatitis B virus X protein (7), HTLV-1 Tax (81), PKA (19) |
| RNA level | see Table 4 | |
| ATF4 | posttranslational | Tax (39,106) |
| RNA level | anoxia (29), homocysteine (68), lysophosphatidylcholine (114) | |
| ATF6 | posttranslational | p38 MAPK (125), SRF (143) |