TABLE 4.
EXAMPLES OF TREATMENTS THAT INDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF ATF3
| Treatments | References | |
|---|---|---|
| In whole organism (tissues) | ||
| Liver | partial hepatectomy | 17,52 |
| alcohol | 17 | |
| carbon tetrachloride | 17 | |
| acetaminophen | Fig. 1 | |
| cycloheximide | our unpublished results | |
| hepatic ischemia | 45 | |
| Heart | ischemia | 17 |
| ischemia–reperfusion | 17 | |
| Kidney | ischemia–reperfusion | 139 |
| Brain | seizure | 17 |
| Peripheral nerves | axotomy | 127 |
| Skin | wounding | our unpublished results |
| Thymus | anti-CD3ε | 73 |
| In cultured cells * | ||
| Hepatocytes | cycloheximide | 133 |
| EGF | 133 | |
| HGF | 133 | |
| Leukemia cells | doxorubicin | 141 |
| Macrophages | cytokines† | 28,31 |
| LPS, BCG | 28,31 | |
| PMA | 31 | |
| Myeloid cells | Fas antibody | Fig. 1 |
| Neuroblastoma | forskolin | 19 |
| FGF | 122 | |
| Neuroblastoma, macrophages | A23187 | 2,28,31 |
| Various cell types | serum‡ | 3,16,60,93 |
| anisomycin§ | 74 | |
| E1A# | 46 | |
| genotoxic agents¶ | ||
| (ionizing radiation, UV, MMS) | 4 | |
| Fibroblasts | other stimuli** | our unpublished results |
All treatments listed in the table (except the EGF treatment) were demonstrated to increase the steady-state levels of ATF3 mRNA (see text). EGF was demonstrated to increase the steady-state levels of ATF3 protein in SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells.
Cell types for each treatment reported in the references are listed in the table. The list is not meant to imply that the induction is limited to the indicated cell types only.
ATF3 is induced in macrophages by cytokines such as IL-4, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, but not by IL-lα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, or GM-CSF (28,31).
Serum can induce ATF3 in various cell types: HeLa (16), fibroblasts (3,60,93) and hepatocytes (93). Mouse clone number U56 described by Bravo and colleagues in 1988 (3) was later identified to be ATF3 [referred to as LRF-1 in (93)].
Anisomycin induces ATF3 in NIH3T6 (74), HeLa, and 293 cells (our unpublished results).
E1A induces ATF3 in various cells: human embryonic retinoblast (HER), normal rat kidney (NRK), and mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells (46).
Genotoxic agents such as UV, MMS, and ionizing radiation induce ATF3 in various cells including myeloid-lymphoid, lung cancer, breast carcinoma, and colon cancer lines (4). Our unpublished results indicate that UV induces ATF3 in HeLa, 293, and NIH3T6 cells.
Our preliminary data indicate that cell death-inducing agents such as ATP, puromycin, and H2O2 also induce the expression of ATF3 in NIH 3T6 fibroblast (unpublished results).