Table 2.
Percent variance in serum urate levels (μmol/L) explained by dietary and genetic factors in full, male, and female study cohorts
| Diet, genetic score, and additional adjuster | Full cohort | Male cohort | Female cohort | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | β (95% CI)* | Pβ | R2 (%)† | No | β (95% CI) | Pβ | R2 (%) | No | β (95% CI) | Pβ | R2 (%) | |||
| Dietary effect | ||||||||||||||
| Healthy Eating | ||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 16 759 | −0.72 (−1.01 to −0.43) | <0.001 | 0.15 | 8413 | −0.97 (−1.41 to −0.54) | <0.001 | 0.21 | 8346 | −0.43 (−1.25 to 0.38)‡ | 0.30 | 0.07 | ||
| Genetic risk score | 12 162 | −0.61 (−0.93 to −0.29) | <0.001 | 0.12 | 6109 | −0.82 (−1.31 to −0.33) | <0.001 | 0.16 | 6053 | −0.35 (−1.31 to 0.61)‡ | 0.48 | 0.05 | ||
| DASH | ||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 16 731 | −0.73 (−0.96 to −0.50) | <0.001 | 0.28 | 8402 | −0.86 (−1.20 to −0.52) | <0.001 | 0.31 | 8329 | −0.64 (−1.23 to −0.05)‡ | 0.03 | 0.17 | ||
| Genetic risk score | 12 139 | −0.75 (−1.01 to −0.50) | <0.001 | 0.37 | 6100 | −0.89 (−1.28 to −0.51) | <0.001 | 0.43 | 6039 | −0.71 (−1.45 to 0.03)‡ | 0.06 | 0.25 | ||
| Mediterranean | ||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 16 719 | −0.38 (−0.59 to −0.18) | <0.001 | 0.06 | 8392 | −0.58 (−1.05 to −0.11)‡ | 0.02 | 0.10 | 8327 | −0.18 (−0.46 to 0.09) | 0.19 | 0.01 | ||
| Genetic risk score | 12 131 | −0.56 (−0.96 to −0.16)‡ | 0.006 | 0.12 | 6092 | −0.83 (−1.47 to −0.19)‡ | 0.01 | 0.23 | 6039 | −0.28 (−0.84 to 0.28)‡ | 0.32 | 0.02 | ||
| Data driven | ||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 16 652 | 0.57 (0.26 to 0.88)‡ | <0.001 | 0.16 | 8354 | 0.62 (0.33 to 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.17 | 8298 | 0.53 (0.24 to 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.14 | ||
| Genetic risk score | 12 078 | 0.48 (0.25 to 0.71) | <0.001 | 0.08 | 6063 | 0.43 (0.10 to 0.76) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 6015 | 0.54 (−0.18 to 1.27)‡ | 0.14 | 0.10 | ||
| Genetic effect | ||||||||||||||
| Genetic risk score | ||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 12 162 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | <0.001 | 7.85 | 6109 | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.03) | <0.001 | 5.89 | 6053 | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) | <0.001 | 10.55 | ||
| Healthy Eating | 12 162 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | <0.001 | 7.82 | 6109 | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.03) | <0.001 | 5.87 | 6053 | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) | <0.001 | 10.51 | ||
| DASH | 12 147 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | <0.001 | 7.85 | 6106 | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.03) | <0.001 | 5.91 | 6041 | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) | <0.001 | 10.55 | ||
| Mediterranean | 12 131 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | <0.001 | 7.86 | 6092 | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.03) | <0.001 | 5.93 | 6039 | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) | <0.001 | 10.53 | ||
| Data driven | 12 078 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | <0.001 | 7.84 | 6063 | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.03) | <0.001 | 5.89 | 6015 | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) | <0.001 | 10.53 | ||
| Heritability estimate | ||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 12 162 | NA | <0.001 | 23.9 (20.2 to 27.5) | 6109 | NA | <0.001 | 23.8 (16.6 to 30.0) | 6053 | NA | <0.001 | 40.3 (33.5 to 47.1) | ||
NHANES III was unable to be included in the genetic risk score or heritability analyses.
DASH=Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; Healthy Eating=based on the Harvard Healthy Eating Pyramid guidelines; NA=not applicable. 95% confidence interval given for the heritability estimate.
*
Effect size reflecting the change in serum urate level (μmol/L) per one unit increase in diet score or genetic risk score.
†
Partial R2 value (R2 B) converted to a percentage (R2×100), except in the final row where it represents the heritability estimate.
‡
A random effect model was used in the meta-analysis (PQ<0.1).