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. 2018 Sep 23;2018:6519465. doi: 10.1155/2018/6519465

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The potential mechanism of IL-25 in asthma. LPS and OVA induce the production of IL-25 in bronchial epithelial cells via activating MAPK p38 and JNK. Damage of airway epithelium induces the production of IL-25 in bronchial epithelial cells as well. IL-25 can enhance the Th2-type immune responses, stimulate ILC2s, promote the accumulation of inducible costimulator (ICOS) and T1/ST2 on nuocytes, or induce naïve T cells differentiated into Th2 cells to produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, or other cytokines. IL-25 increases chemokines and promotes the recruitment of eosinophils and inflammation. IL-25 can also promote airway remodeling by mediating mucus secretion, extracellular collagen deposition, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. All of the above can aggravate asthma.