Table 1.

The general characteristics of the enrolled studies

Study (reference)	Year	Type of surgery	ASA-physical status	Patients enrolled (gender: F/M)	Administration of etomidate	Intervention	Comparison	Grade of myoclonus severity	Outcome
Gupta and Gupta17	2018	Elective surgeries	I or II	200 (81/119)	0.3 mg/kg, intravenously	0.5 mg/kg of lidocaine; 1 mg/kg of lidocaine; 1.5 mg/kg of lidocaine	NS	4-point intensity score	①, ②
Yang18	2016	Elective surgeries	I or II	105 (32/73)	20 mg, intravenously	1 mL lidocaine 2% (20 mg); 2 mL lidocaine 2% (40 mg)	NS	4-point intensity score	①, ②, ④
Singh et al19	2014	Elective surgical procedures	I or II	75 (66/9)	0.3 mg/kg, intravenously	1 mL lidocaine 2% (20 mg); 1 mL midazolam (1 mg)	NS	4-point intensity score	①, ②, ③, ④, ⑤
Li and Liu20	2011	Elective surgeries	I or II	60 (not reported)	0.3 mg/kg, intravenously	Lidocaine 25 mg	NS	4-point intensity score	①, ②
Xiao et al21	2011	Elective surgeries	I or II (ASA I: 52; ASA II: 28)	80 (42/38)	0.3 mg/kg, intravenously	2 mL lidocaine 2% (40 mg)	NS	4-point intensity score	①, ②
Chen et al22	2011	Elective surgeries	I or II	80 (32/48)	0.3 mg/kg, intravenously	1 mg/kg of lidocaine	NS	4-point intensity score	①, ②, ③
Gultop et al11	2010	Elective orthopedic and general surgical procedures	I or II	60 (29/31)	0.3 mg/kg, intravenously	1 mL lidocaine 2% (20 mg)	NS	4-point intensity score	①, ②
Zhang and Zhou23	2010	Elective surgeries	I or II	60 (60/0)	0.3 mg/kg, intravenously	Lidocaine 30 mg	NS	4-point intensity score	①, ②, ④

Notes: ①The incidence of myoclonus; ②the severity of myoclonus; ③the duration of myoclonus; ④MAP and HR; ⑤adverse effects observed in the patients.

Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; F/M, female/male; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; NS, normal saline.