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. 2018 Oct 1;9:2264. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02264

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Expression of antigens in myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasms. (A) DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) add methyl (M) groups to parts of the genome to prevent transcription. The drug azacitidine binds to cytidine nucleotides where it covalently attaches to DNMT to prevent further methylation. This results in the transcription of otherwise suppressed genes such as cancer testis antigens (CTA) and retroviral DNA. The CTA are processed as proteins and presented by MHC molecules on the cell surface, while the double stranded RNA (dsRNA) trigger intracellular pattern recognition receptors causing inflammation and increased MHC expression. (B) Mutations in the JAK2 gene results in the substitution of valine (V) to phenylalanine (F) in position 617 of the JAK2 protein. This results in the generation of a mutant antigen. Likewise, the CALR exon 9 mutations generate a novel mutant C-terminus in the CALR protein, thus generating several mutant antigens.