Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author (year) | N | Peer review | IF | Design | Informant | Continent | Type of outcome | Sex | Ethnic minority | Mean age | Sample type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presence natural mentor | |||||||||||
| DuBois and Silverthorn (2005a) | 3187 | Yes | 4.14 | Long | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 32.60 | 21.40 | General population |
| Hurd and Sellers (2013) | 259 | Yes | 1.56 | Cross | Self/Teacher | USA | Mixed | B/G | 100 | 13.56 | General population |
| Zimmerman et al. (2002) | 770 | Yes | 2.07 | Cross | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 82.80 | 17.50 | General population |
| Ahrens et al. (2010) | 1714 | Yes | 1.22 | Cross | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 25 | 16.00 | General population |
| Ahrens, DuBois, Richardson, Fan, and Lozano (2008) | 310 | Yes | 5.47 | Cross | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 35 | 16.00 | At risk population |
| Rhodes et al. (1992) | 129 | Yes | 2.15 | Cross | Self | USA | Psychosocial problems | Girls | 100 | 18.07 | At risk population |
| Rhodes et al. (1994) | 54 | Yes | 2.15 | Cross | Self | USA | Mixed | Girls | 100 | 18.10 | At risk population |
| Collins, Spencer, and Ward (2010) | 96 | Yes | 0.38 | Cross | Interviewer | USA | Mixed | B/G | 47 | 19.00 | At risk population |
| Dang, Conger, Breslau, and Miller (2014) | 197 | Yes | 1.28 | Cross | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 75.6 | 18.00 | At risk population |
| Erickson et al. (2009) | 12,621 | Yes | 2.86 | Long | Official registration | USA | Academic | B/G | 35 | 21.72 | General population |
| Hurd and Zimmerman (2010a) | 615 | Yes | 2.15 | Cross/Long | Self | USA | Psychosocial problems | B/G | 100 | 17.51 | General population |
| Hurd and Zimmerman (2010b) | 93 | Yes | 2.48 | Cross/Long | Self | USA | Psychosocial problems | Girls | 100 | 17.66 | At risk population |
| Hurd et al. (2014) | 3334 | Yes | 2.05 | Cross | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 24.6 | 20.80 | General population |
| Hurd, Varner, and Rowley (2013) | 259 | Yes | 3.56 | Cross | Self | USA | Socio‐emotional | B/G | 100 | 13.56 | General population |
| Sánchez, Esparza, and Cólon (2008) | 140 | Yes | 0.80 | Cross | Self/Official registration | USA | Academic | B/G | 100 | 17.88 | General population |
| Cavell, Meehan, Heffer, and Holladay (2002) | 95 | Yes | 1.33 | Cross | Self | USA | Psychosocial problems | B/G | 17 | 18.70 | At risk population |
| Kogan, Brody, and Chen (2011) | 375 | Yes | 2.15 | Long | Self/Composite | USA | Mixed | B/G | 100 | 17.00 | General population |
| Greeson, Usher, and Grinstein‐Weiss (2010) | 7977 | Yes | 0.97 | Long | Self | USA | Vocational | B/G | 20 | 21.28 | General population |
| Hagler, Raposa, and Rhodes (2017) | 193 | – | – | Long | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 43.5 | 11.20 | General population |
| McDonald and Lambert (2014) | 16,386 | Yes | 2.15 | Long | Self | USA | Vocational | B/G | – | 22.50 | General population |
| Linnehan (2003) | 47 | Yes | 2.76 | Long | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 79 | 17.45 | General population |
| McDonald, Erickson, Johnson, and Elder (2007) | 5740 | Yes | 1.77 | Long | Self | USA | Vocational | B/G | 35 | ‐ | General population |
| Erickson and Phillips (2012) | 8379 | Yes | 1.23 | Long | Self | USA | Academic | B/G | 47 | 15.36 | General population |
| Munson and McMillen (2009) | 339 | Yes | 0.97 | Long | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 55 | 19.04 | At risk population |
| Relationship quality | |||||||||||
| Hurd et al. (2013) | 259 | Yes | 3.56 | Cross | Self | USA | Socio‐emotional | B/G | 100 | 13.56 | General population |
| Chang, Greenberger, Chen, Heckhausen, and Farruggia (2010) | 754 | Yes | 2.48 | Long | Self | USA | Mixed | B/G | 77 | 17.50 | General population |
| Schwartz, Chan et al. (2013) | 1860 | Yes | 1.97 | Cross | Self | USA | Socio‐emotional | B/G | 44.4 | 15.00 | General population |
| Sánchez et al. (2008) | 140 | Yes | 0.80 | Cross | Self/Official registration | USA | Academic | B/G | 100 | 17.88 | At risk population |
| Kogan et al. (2011) | 116 | Yes | 1.79 | Cross | Self/Official registration | USA | Mixed | B/G | 100 | 19.50 | At risk population |
| Bowers et al. (2012) | 710 | Yes | 1.97 | Long | Self | USA | Socio‐emotional | Boys | 21.1 | 15.77 | General population |
| Black, Grenard, Sussman, and Rohrbach (2010) | 3320 | Yes | 1.67 | Long | Self | USA | Psychosocial problems | B/G | 59 | 15.30 | General population |
| Klaw and Rhodes (1995) | 204 | Yes | 2.40 | Cross | Self | USA | Mixed | Girls | 100 | 15.90 | At risk population |
N = number of participants; peer review = published in peer reviewed article (Yes/No); IF = impact factor of journal; design = cross‐sectional (Cross) or longitudinal (Long); informant = self‐report (Self), interviewer‐report (Interviewer) or teacher‐report (Teacher); type of outcome = internalizing, conduct problems, overall psychopathology, substance use (Psychosocial problems), social confidence and/or confidence (Social‐emotional), Academic, Vocational or two or more different outcome domains (Mixed); sex = only girls (Girls), only boys (Boys) or boys and girls (B/G); Ethnic minority = proportion of non‐Caucasian. The study of Hagler, Raposa, & Rhodes is unpublished.