Table 3.

Cumulative sulforaphane (SR) conjugates excreted in 24 h urine, SR bioavailability (%), and SR peak time determined in the spot urine samples. Samples served during the intervention, gel type: dietary fiber (F), proteins (P), and oil (O). Control samples (broccoli sprouts) are indicated with (C). Samples with already formed isothiocyanates are indicated by (+) and samples with glucosinolates and inactivated myrosinase are indicated by (−)

Sample	F+	P+	O+	C+	F−	P−	O−	C−
Cumulative SR conjugates excreted in 24 h urine [μmol ± SD]	1.51 ± 0.17	1.88 ± 0.38	1.95 ± 0.52	2.06 ± 0.36	1.2 ± 0.54	1.14 ± 0.50	0.82 ± 0.26	0.66 ± 0.2
SR bioavailability (%) calculated as cumulative SR/GR μmol in before incorporation in the gels	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	11.5 ± 5.2	11.0 ± 4.9	7.9 ± 2.5	6.3 ± 2.0
SR bioavailability (%) calculated as cumulative SR/SR μmol in before incorporation in the gels	29.4 ± 3.3	36.3 ± 7.4	37.6 ± 10.1	39.7 ± 7.0	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Peak time (t max, h ± SD) for SR conjugate excretion	1.48 ± 0.51	1.17 ± 0.32	1.82 ± 0.46	1.66 ± 0.46	7.55 ± 1.62	9.32 ± 3.66	9.26 ± 3.69	8.07 ± 2.75

n.a., not applicable.

Different letters within each row of the cumulative IB conjugate values for the samples (for each set of sample (−) and (+)) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). The absence of letters indicates no significant difference.