Table 4.

Cumulative iberin (IB) conjugates excreted in 24 h urine, IB bioavailability (%), and IB peak time determined in the spot urine samples. Samples served during the intervention, gel type: dietary fiber (F), proteins (P), and oil (O). Control samples (broccoli sprouts) are indicated with (C). Samples with already formed isothiocyanates are indicated by (+) and samples with glucosinolates and inactivated myrosinase are indicated by (−)

Sample	F+	P+	O+	C+	F−	P−	O−	C−
Cumulative IB conjugates excreted in 24 h urine [μmol ± SD]	0.15 ± 0.02ac	0.16 ± 0.05ab	0.21 ± 0.08ac	0.23 ± 0.06c	0.15 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.07	0.11 ± 0.03	0.12 ± 0.08
IB bioavailability (%) calculated as cumulative IB/GI μmol in before incorporation in the gels	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	11.8 ± 5.2	10.5 ± 5.3	8.6 ± 2.6	9.2 ± 5.8
IB bioavailability (%) calculated as cumulative IB/IB μmol in before incorporation in the gels	27.2 ± 3.9	28.6 ± 8.3	38.2 ± 14.0	41.1 ± 11.6	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Peak time (t max, h ± SD) for IB conjugate excretion	1.48 ± 0.51	2.28 ± 1.43	1.82 ± 0.46	1.94 ± 0.52	8.06 ± 2.12	9.52 ± 3.51	9.26 ± 3.69	8.07 ± 2.75

n.a., not applicable.

Different letters within each row of the cumulative IB conjugates values for the samples (for each set of sample (−) and (+)) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). The absence of letters indicates no significant difference.