Table 1.
Participant characteristics and parameters
| No. | Age (years) | P/M | History of GDM | Pre‐pregnant BMI (kg/m2) | No. of steps walked/day | PAEE | At initiation of research | At completion of research | Research duration (weeks) | BW gain during study period (kg) | Overall BW gain (kg) | Ratio of CGL change (initiation/completion) | Dietary intake (kcal/day) | Child birth | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational weeks | BW (kg) | CGL (mg/dL) | HbA1c (%) | Hb (g/dL) | Gestational weeks | BW (kg) | CGL (mg/dL) | HbA1c (%) | Hb (g/dL) | Gestational weeks at delivery | Delivery mode | Birth weight (g) | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 30 | P | 36.8 | 2947 | 112 | 24 | 99.2 | 97 | 5.6 | 11.5 | 32 | 110.0 | 111 | 6.0 | 10.9 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 1.14 | 1319 | 40 | NVD | 3746 | |
| 2 | 29 | M | + | 19.9 | 3804 | 69 | 23 | 51.2 | 69 | 5.2 | 11.5 | 31 | ND | 115 | 5.3 | ND | 8 | ND | ND | 1.67 | 1938 | 38 | NVD | 3012 |
| 3 | 37 | M | − | 24.1 | 3836 | 100 | 19 | 69.0 | 74 | 5.5 | 12.9 | 28 | 71.0 | 99 | 5.3 | 11.0 | 9 | 2 | 5.6 | 1.34 | 1814 | 40 | VD (forceps) | 3562 |
| 4 | 42 | M | − | 25.6 | 4013 | 122 | 27 | 77.0 | 87 | 5.4 | 10.2 | 35 | 80.0 | 97 | 5.3 | 9.0 | 8 | 3 | 12 | 1.11 | 2761 | 40 | NVD | 3460 |
| 5 | 31 | M | − | 18.3 | 4059 | 125 | 25 | 56.0 | 81 | 5.6 | 10.3 | 33 | 60.0 | 117 | 5.7 | 9.1 | 8 | 4 | 14.4 | 1.44 | 1677 | 40 | NVD | 4124 |
| 6 | 35 | M | − | 22.5 | 4092 | 99 | 19 | ND | 92 | 5.4 | ND | 27 | ND | 95 | 5.3 | ND | 8 | ND | ND | 1.03 | 1605 | 41 | NVD | 3416 |
| 7 | 30 | P | 26.7 | 4167 | 111 | 25 | 66.0 | 87 | 4.4 | 13.8 | 33 | 73.0 | 124 | 4.4 | ND | 8 | 7 | 8 | 1.43 | 1712 | 38 | CS (elective) | 2950 | |
| 8 | 35 | P | 21.0 | 4602 | 105 | 27 | 63.2 | 127 | 5.3 | 11.2 | 35 | 65.0 | 104 | 5.3 | 11.5 | 8 | 1.8 | 7 | 0.82 | 1503 | 40 | NVD | 3144 | |
| 9 | 42 | P | 24.6 | 4602 | 108 | 22 | 65.0 | 113 | 5.1 | 13.2 | 30 | 66.4 | 95 | 5.2 | 12.8 | 8 | 1.4 | −0.2 | 0.84 | 1210 | 35 | NVD | 1764 | |
| 10 | 40 | M | − | 25.3 | 4796 | 132 | 25 | 79.0 | 90 | 5.1 | 11.9 | 33 | 80.0 | 128 | 5.3 | 11.0 | 8 | 1 | ND | 1.42 | 1358 | 40 | NVD | 3066 |
| 11 | 35 | P | 21.0 | 4813 | 100 | 19 | 56.0 | 77 | 4.8 | 11.1 | 31 | 64.5 | 86 | 5.2 | ND | 12 | 8.5 | 15 | 1.12 | 1355 | 40 | CS (emergency) | 2990 | |
| 12 | 39 | P | 23.8 | 4855 | 116 | 14 | 65.0 | 103 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 26 | 63.0 | 122 | 5.3 | 12.0 | 12 | −2 | 7.2 | 1.18 | 1515 | 41 | NVD | 2946 | |
| 13 | 38 | P | 29.6 | 5391 | 125 | 26 | 77.5 | 173 | 5.2 | 13.0 | 34 | 77.8 | 154 | 5.3 | 12.5 | 8 | 0.3 | 6.8 | 0.89 | 1204 | 34 | CS (emergency) | 1554 | |
| 14 | 42 | M | − | 18.7 | 6159 | 119 | 24 | 53.4 | 102 | 5.3 | 11.2 | 31 | 54.0 | 94 | 5.9 | 11.2 | 7 | 0.6 | 6.8 | 0.92 | 1810 | 38 | NVD | 3074 |
| 15 | 35 | M | − | 20.8 | 6567 | 168 | 24 | 63.0 | 154 | 5.1 | 10.9 | 35 | 63.0 | 83 | 5.2 | 11.1 | 11 | 0 | 11.8 | 0.54 | 1868 | 38 | NVD | 2966 |
| 16 | 37 | P | 24.1 | 7004 | 185 | 14 | 62.8 | 123 | 5.8 | 10.9 | 25 | 69.0 | 99 | 6.0 | 8.7 | 11 | 6 | 13 | 0.80 | 2235 | 41 | NVD | 3658 | |
| 17 | 35 | M | − | 25.8 | 7094 | 184 | 28 | 67.2 | 108 | 5.4 | 12.9 | 35 | 66.5 | 106 | 5.7 | ND | 7 | −0.7 | 6 | 0.98 | 2403 | 39 | NVD | 3102 |
| 18 | 41 | P | 25.1 | 7305 | 169 | 27 | 59.2 | 97 | 5.8 | 12.5 | 35 | 73.2 | 119 | 5.9 | 11.6 | 8 | 14 | 3.2 | 1.23 | 1682 | 37 | CS (elective) | 2218 | |
| 19 | 32 | P | 26.1 | 7896 | 152 | 16 | 60.0 | 156 | 5.4 | 11.6 | 25 | 62.0 | 88 | 4.9 | 11.4 | 9 | 2 | 8.6 | 0.56 | 1125 | 41 | NVD | 3432 | |
| 20 | 29 | M | − | 30.9 | 8270 | 266 | 24 | 80.5 | 149 | 5.4 | 13.2 | 32 | 78.6 | 96 | 5.6 | 12.9 | 8 | −1.9 | 0.6 | 0.64 | 1601 | 38 | NVD | 2988 |
| 21 | 31 | M | + | 25.2 | 8632 | 196 | 17 | 66.4 | 98 | 5.4 | 13.1 | 25 | 67.8 | 96 | 5.3 | 13.1 | 8 | 1.4 | 8.8 | 0.98 | 1667 | 40 | VD (vacuum) | 3646 |
| 22 | 35 | P | 16.7 | 8977 | 147 | 19 | 41.4 | 102 | 4.7 | 10.1 | 28 | 47.8 | 87 | 4.7 | 10.9 | 9 | 6.4 | ND | 0.85 | 2063 | 38 | VD (vacuum) | 2752 | |
| 23 | 42 | M | − | 25.3 | 9037 | 238 | 18 | 61.0 | 83 | 5.4 | 12.0 | 25 | 65.8 | 82 | 5.4 | ND | 7 | 4.8 | 5 | 0.99 | 2057 | 38 | CS (elective) | 3030 |
| 24 | 40 | P | 20.5 | 9205 | 169 | 19 | 50.0 | 128 | 5.3 | 14.0 | 27 | 53.0 | 93 | 5.3 | 12.5 | 8 | 3 | 9.8 | 0.73 | 1552 | 41 | NVD | 3200 | |
| Mean | 35.9 | 24.1 | 5921.8 | 142.4 | 21.9 | 64.7 | 107.1 | 5.3 | 12.0 | 30.5 | 68.7 | 103.8 | 5.4 | 11.3 | 8.6 | 3.3 | 8.2 | 1.0 | 1709.8 | 39.0 | 3075 | |||
| SD | 4.4 | 4.3 | 1937.9 | 46.0 | 4.2 | 11.9 | 27.5 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 12.3 | 16.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 0.3 | 386.6 | 1.8 | 570 | |||
BMI, body mass index; BW, body weight; CGL, casual glucose level; CS, cesarean section; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; M, multipara; ND, not determined; NVD, normal vaginal delivery; P, primipara; PAEE, physical activity‐related energy expenditure; VD, vaginal delivery.