Table 3.
Odds of incident and persistent AUD/ dependence and incident and persistent DUD/ dependence among those who self‐medicate for mood and anxiety symptoms
| Odds of incident AUD/dependence (AOR, 95% CI) | Odds of persistent alcohol dependence (AOR, 95% CI) | Odds of incident DUD/dependence (AOR, 95% CI) | Odds of persistent DUD (AOR, 95% CI) | Author | Sample | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self‐medicate with alcohol for any anxiety symptoms | 2.50 (1.26–4.97) (AUD) | 1.46 (0.73–2.91) (DUD) | aRobinson et al., 2011 | NESARC 1 and 2 (2001/2) and (2004/5) | ||
| 6.25 (3.24–12.05) | bCrum et al., 2013 | NESARC 1 and 2 (2001/2) and (2004/5) | ||||
| 3.77 (2.58–5.51) (dependence) | cMenary et al., 2011 | NESARC 1 and 2 (2001/2) and (2004/5) | ||||
| Self‐medicate with drugs for any anxiety symptoms | 2.62 (0.94–7.32) (AUD) | 3.46 (1.26–9.49) (DUD) | aRobinson et al., 2011 | NESARC 1 and 2 (2001/2) and (2004/5) | ||
| Self‐medicate with alcohol for any mood symptoms | 3.10 (1.55–6.19) (dependence) | 3.45 (2.35–5.08) | dCrum et al., 2013 | NESARC 1 and 2 (2001/2) and (2004/5) | ||
| Self‐medicate with drugs for any mood symptoms |
4.11 (2.33–7.25) (DUD) 7.65 (3.70–15.82) (dependence) |
2.02 (1.46–2.80) | eLazareck et al., 2012 | NESARC 1 and 2 (2001/2) and (2004/5) |
Odd ratios calculated using logistic regression and adjusted for sex, age, income, marital status, education level, ethnicity, region, urban status, and any lifetime psychiatric disorder at wave 1.
Odd ratios calculated using logistic regression and propensity score matching for age, sex, race–ethnicity, education level, drinking pattern and consumption level, current history of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia and, major depressive disorder, nonalcohol substance use disorder, nicotine dependence, personality disorder, family history of alcoholism, and lifetime treatment for anxiety.
Odds ratio calculated using logistic regression without adjustment.
Odd ratios calculated using inverse probability treatment weights and adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, past‐month mood disorder, and lifetime treatment history for mood symptoms.
Odd ratios calculated using logistic regression and adjusted for sex, age, income, marital status, education level, ethnicity, region, urban status, and any lifetime psychiatric disorder at wave 1.
AUD, alcohol use disorder; DUD, drug use disorder.