Table 3.
Number (percentage) of pregnant Malawian women with abnormal haemoglobin and iron status at baseline and 36 weeks of gestation by intervention group, and pairwise relative risks (RRs) between groups
| Outcome | Time point | Number of outcomes/women with outcome data | Comparison between LNS group and IFA group | Comparison between LNS group and MMN group | Comparison between MMN group and IFA group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFA | MMN | LNS | P valued | Relative risk [95% CI] | P valuee | Relative risk [95% CI] | P valuee | Relative risk [95% CI] | P valuee | ||
| Hb <100 g L−1 | Baselinea | 97/460 (21.1%) | 92/463 (19.9%) | 97/454 (21.4%) | |||||||
| 36 gwb | 56/342 (16.4%) | 76/353 (21.5%) | 80/346 (23.1%) | 0.087 | 1.55 [0.96, 2.48] | 0.079 | 0.90 [0.57, 1.40] | 0.837 | 1.39 [0.86, 2.24] | 0.242 | |
| 36 gw, after excluding those with CRP >5 g L−1 or AGP >1 mg L−1 c | 31/228 (13.6%) | 48/246 (19.5%) | 52/234 (22.2%) | 0.104 | 1.35 [0.86, 2.13] | 0.193 | 0.88 [0.59, 1.30] | 0.516 | 1.54 [0.99, 2.40] | 0.057 | |
| Hb >130 g L−1 | Baselinea | 55/460 (12.0%) | 48/463 (10.4%) | 50/454 (11.0%) | |||||||
| 36 gwb | 36/342 (10.5%) | 26/353 (7.4%) | 26/346 (7.5%) | 0.329 | 0.72 [0.38, 1.37] | 0.454 | 0.97 [0.49, 1.92] | 0.993 | 0.70 [0.37, 1.32] | 0.385 | |
| 36 gw, after excluding those with CRP >5 g L−1 or AGP >1 mg L−1 c | 19/228 (8.3%) | 24/246 (9.8%) | 20/234 (8.6%) | 0.358 | 1.25 [0.68, 2.29] | 0.467 | 1.15 [0.64, 2.09] | 0.639 | 1.08 [0.58, 2.03] | 0.801 | |
| ZPP >60 μmol mol−1 haem | Baselinea | 103/446 (23.1%) | 114/445 (25.6%) | 108/434 (24.9%) | |||||||
| 36 gwb | 94/330 (28.5%) | 112/343 (32.8%) | 136/335 (40.6%) | <0.001 | 1.86 [1.22, 2.83] | 0.002 | 1.69 [1.12, 2.56] | 0.007 | 1.09 [0.71, 1.68] | 0.875 | |
| sTfR >6.0 mg L−1 | Baselinea | 88/456 (19.3%) | 92/462 (19.9%) | 90/453 (19.9%) | |||||||
| 36 gwb | 103/352 (29.3%) | 126/363 (34.7%) | 128/352 (36.4%) | 0.139 | 1.41 [0.94, 2.12] | 0.119 | 0.88 [0.59, 1.31] | 0.729 | 1.24 [0.82, 1.87] | 0.433 | |
| Iron deficiency anaemiaf | Baselinea | 49/458 (10.7%) | 58/461 (12.6%) | 55/451 (12.2%) | |||||||
| 36 gwb (cut‐off = 100 g L−1) | 34/339 (10.0%) | 51/350 (14.6%) | 54/343 (15.7%) | 0.079 | 1.62 [1.05, 2.48] | 0.029 | 1.12 [0.78, 1.61] | 0.535 | 1.44 [0.94, 2.21] | 0.096 | |
| 36 gwb (cut‐off = 110 g L−1) | 69/339 (20.5%) | 99/350 (28.3%) | 103/343 (30.1%) | 0.008 | 1.43 [1.11, 1.85] | 0.006 | 0.92 [0.73, 1.14] | 0.434 | 1.31 [1.02, 1.70] | 0.038 | |
Note. AGP: α‐1‐acid glycoprotein; CRP: C‐reactive protein; Hb: haemoglobin; IFA: iron–folic acid; LNS: lipid‐based nutrient supplement; MMN: multiple micronutrients; sTfR: soluble transferrin receptor; ZPP: zinc protoporphyrin.
Unadjusted model.
P values for adjusted models shown herein were adjusted only for the baseline value of the outcome variable. Models that included other covariates significantly related to the outcome variable were also examined but did not yield significantly different results than models including only the baseline value of the outcome variable as a covariate.
Comparisons between intervention groups among women without inflammation were adjusted for baseline Hb, CRP, and AGP.
Unadjusted P values were calculated using Fisher's exact test; adjusted P values were calculated using logistic regression models.
Adjusted P values were calculated using log‐Poisson regression models.
Hb <100 and either ZPP >60 μmol mol−1 haem or sTfR >6.0 mg L−1.