Table 2.

Participation in genetic studies among subjects of African ancestry

Study	Sample size (N or % total)	Major conclusions
Nwulia et al.42	Total = 1253 AA = 188 (15%) CA = 1065 (85%)	AA exhibited more concern about risks to procreation (27% of AA were ‘very concerned’ compared with 18% of CA; P < .004) and racial discrimination (34% of AA were ‘very concerned’ compared with 13% of CA; P < .0001)
Hartz et al.40	Total N = 28 658* AA = 352 cases, 152 controls EA = 705 cases, 710 controls	The participation rate was lower in EA than in AA (57% vs 71%; P < .0001). Mistrust of medical research did not prove to be a barrier for minority participation. Critical barriers were locating minority subjects and establishing contact. Once reached, minorities were more likely to participate
Kogan et al.44	Total = 2848 (4.1% AA) Community sites: 157 (25.8% AA) Academic sites: 2691 (4.8% AA)	Community sites had significantly higher minority enrollment than academic sites (45.2% vs 15.3%; P < .001)
Sanderson et al.43	Total = 13 000 AA = 1483 (12%) CA = 6521 (51%)	AA participants expressed the lowest levels of willingness to participate compared to CA (56% vs 70%)

AA, African‐American; CA, Caucasian; EA, European ancestry.*Number screened by phone and filtered through inclusion/exclusion criteria.