Table 2. Sex-specific expression of inducible detoxification genes in bumblebee workers and males orally exposed to clothianidin at a sub-lethal daily dose over 5 consecutive days.
Phase 1 detoxification processes include oxidation, hydrolysis, and reduction reactions while Phase 2 processes include conjugation reactions. Expression levels were determined through RNAseq analysis. Upper portion = genes with increased expression in workers; lower portion = genes with increased expression in males. Clothianidin-inducible genes were initially identified by comparing transcriptomic expression patterns between individuals fed either 5ppb clothianidin solution or the same volume of solution containing 1.4% DMSO (vehicle control) solution separately for each sex and then pooling genes with significantly altered expression together.
| DETOXIFICATION GENES: INCREASED EXPRESSION IN WORKERS VERSUS MALES | ||||
| Gene ID | Pa | Fold increase | Annotation | Phase |
| BIMP10198 | 0.000006 | 6.07 | cytochrome P450 6k1-like | 1 |
| BIMP19106 | 0.03 | 1.84 | fatty-acid amide hydrolase 2-like | 1 |
| BIMP23510 | 0.04 | 2.45 | cytochrome P450 306a1 | 1 |
| BIMP18394 | 0.06 | 1.69 | N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase | 1 |
| BIMP24166 | 0.07 | 1.71 | U6 snRNA phosphodiesterase | 1 |
| BIMP11124 | 0.09 | 1.63 | probable cation-transporting ATPase 13A3 | 1 |
| BIMP16960 | 0.09 | 1.49 | retinol dehydrogenase 12-like | 1 |
| BIMP12444 | 0.005 | 3.12 | hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 | 2 |
| BIMP10339 | 0.02 | 3.25 | probable serine/threonine-protein kinase yakA | 2 |
| BIMP18546 | 0.02 | 2.12 | putative glycerol kinase 5 | 2 |
| BIMP18798 | 0.09 | 1.67 | probable deoxyhypusine synthase | 2 |
| DETOXIFICATION GENES: INCREASED EXPRESSION IN MALES VERSUS WORKERS | ||||
| Gene ID | Pa | Fold increase | Annotation | Phase |
| BIMP23965 | 0.005 | 5.65 | lysozyme 2-like | 1 |
| BIMP21241 | 0.006 | 4.86 | phospholipase A2-like | 1 |
| BIMP18778 | 0.04 | 1.86 | endoglucanase 19-like | 1 |
| BIMP17003 | 0.04 | 3.47 | cytochrome P450 6k1-like | 1 |
| BIMP20243 | 0.049 | 5.60 | alkaline phosphatase 4-like | 1 |
| BIMP16635 | 0.06 | 3.97 | probable cytochrome P450 304a1 | 1 |
| BIMP14716 | 0.08 | 1.80 | venom acid phosphatase Acph-1-like | 1 |
| BIMP23899 | 0.09 | 1.62 | sarcosine dehydrogenase mitochondrial | 1 |
aFDR adjusted p-value