Table 2.
Functional Dyspepsia: Univariate Analysis of Risk Factors
| Variables | FD (−) (%) (n = 1538) (89.7) | FD (+) (%) (n = 176) (10.3) | PDS (+) (%) (n = 125) (7.3) | EPS (+) (%) (n = 94) (5.5) | P-valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| FD (+) vs FD (−) | PDS (+) vs FD (−) | EPS (+) vs FD (−) | |||||
| Age ≥60 (yr) | 399/1538 (25.9) | 51/176 (29.0) | 34/125 (27.2) | 31/94 (33.0) | 0.416 | 0.751 | 0.148 |
| Female | 803/1538 (52.2) | 114/176 (64.8) | 78/125 (62.4) | 64/94 (68.1) | 0.002 | 0.032 | 0.003 |
| BMI (≥25 kg/m2)b | 492/1537 (32.0) | 58/175 (33.1) | 41/124 (33.1) | 30/93 (32.3) | 0.798 | 0.842 | 1.000 |
| Cholesterol (≥240 mg/dL)b | 171/1490 (11.5) | 23/172 (13.4) | 17/121 (14.0) | 15/93 (16.1) | 0.453 | 0.378 | 0.183 |
| Triglyceride (≥150 mg/dL)b | 364/1489 (24.4) | 40/171 (23.4) | 27/120 (22.5) | 22/93 (23.7) | 0.851 | 0.740 | 1.000 |
| Glucose (≥126 mg/dL)b | 117/1490 (7.9) | 13/172 (7.6) | 8/121 (6.6) | 10/93 (10.8) | 1.000 | 0.726 | 0.323 |
| H. pylori IgG positivity | 803/1538 (52.2) | 71/176 (40.3) | 50/125 (40.0) | 39/94 (41.5) | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.055 |
| History of H. pylori eradicationb | 233/1455 (16.0) | 34/137 (20.4) | 22/117 (18.8) | 18/92 (19.6) | 0.153 | 0.434 | 0.381 |
| Atrophic gastritis | 571/1538 (37.1) | 56/176 (31.8) | 42/125 (33.6) | 24/94 (25.5) | 0.186 | 0.500 | 0.027 |
| Intestinal metaplasia | 233/1538 (15.1) | 20/176 (11.4) | 15/125 (12.0) | 8/94 (8.5) | 0.217 | 0.433 | 0.098 |
| Relatives with gastric cancerb | 193/1536 (12.6) | 31/176 (17.6) | 21/125 (16.8) | 21/94 (22.3) | 0.076 | 0.167 | 0.011 |
| Smokingb | 514/1535 (33.5) | 51/176 (29.0) | 37/125 (29.6) | 23/94 (24.5) | 0.237 | 0.430 | 0.089 |
| Alcoholb | 855/1534 (55.7) | 92/176 (52.3) | 68/125 (54.4) | 47/94 (50.0) | 0.380 | 0.780 | 0.287 |
| Urbanb | 1270/1524 (83.3) | 145/175 (82.9) | 105/125 (84.0) | 75/93 (80.6) | 0.831 | 1.000 | 0.477 |
| Education below collegeb | 691/1521 (45.4) | 99/174 (56.9) | 64/123 (52.0) | 58/93 (62.4) | 0.005 | 0.160 | 0.002 |
| Income level (≥$8500/mo)b | 193/1389 (13.9) | 25/164 (15.2) | 19/115 (16.5) | 11/91 (12.1) | 0.635 | 0.406 | 0.754 |
| NSAIDs useb | 140/1534 (9.1) | 24/176 (13.6) | 13/125 (10.4) | 14/94 (14.9) | 0.059 | 0.629 | 0.070 |
| Consumption of dairy productsb | 339/1533 (22.1) | 32/176 (18.2) | 26/125 (20.8) | 12/94 (12.8) | 0.248 | 0.823 | 0.038 |
| High salt dietb | 182/1531 (11.9) | 25/176 (14.2) | 17/125 (13.6) | 15/94 (16.0) | 0.393 | 0.567 | 0.253 |
a
Univariate analysis was performed and a P < 0.05 was considered significant.
b
Some data are missing. Missing values are not included.
FD, functional dyspepsia; PDS, postprandial distress syndrome; EPS, epigastric pain syndrome; BMI, body mass index; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; IgG, Immunoglobulin G; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.