Table 4.
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Risk Factors for Functional Dyspepsia Based on Sex Differences
| Variables | Male | Multivariate analysis | Female | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
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| FD (−) (%)(n = 735) (92.2) | FD (+) (%)(n = 62) (7.8) | P-value | OR (95% CI)a | P-valuea | FD (−) (%)(n = 803) (87.6) | FD (+) (%)(n = 114) (12.4) | P-value | OR (95% CI)b | P-valueb | |
| Age ≥60 yr | 180/735 (24.5) | 11/62 (17.7) | 0.279 | 0.52 (0.26–1.07) | 0.077 | 219/803 (27.3) | 40/114 (35.1) | 0.095 | 1.23 (0.76–2.00) | 0.398 |
| BMI (≥25 kg/m2)c | 299/735 (40.7) | 23/62 (37.1) | 0.686 | - | - | 193/802 (24.1) | 35/113 (31.0) | 0.130 | 1.23 (0.78–1.94) | 0.364 |
| Cholesterol (≥240 mg/dL)c | 87/712 (12.2) | 8/62 (12.9) | 0.841 | - | - | 84/778 (10.8) | 15/110 (13.6) | 0.417 | - | - |
| Triglyceride (≥150 mg/dL)c | 249/711 (35.0) | 20/62 (32.3) | 0.781 | - | - | 115/778 (14.8) | 20/109 (18.3) | 0.321 | - | - |
| Glucose (≥126 mg/dL)c | 84/712 (11.8) | 6/62 (9.7) | 0.836 | - | - | 33/778 (4.2) | 7/110 (6.4) | 0.323 | - | - |
| H. pylori IgG positivity | 389/735 (52.9) | 28/62 (45.2) | 0.290 | - | - | 414/803 (51.6) | 43/114 (37.7) | 0.007 | - | - |
| History of H. pylori eradicationc | 122/694 (17.6) | 10/57 (17.5) | 1.000 | - | - | 111/761 (14.6) | 24/110 (21.8) | 0.066 | - | - |
| Atrophic gastritis | 298/735 (40.5) | 24/62 (38.7) | 0.893 | - | - | 273/803 (34.0) | 32/114 (28.1) | 0.243 | - | - |
| Intestinal metaplasia | 144/735 (19.6) | 11/62 (17.7) | 0.867 | - | - | 89/803 (11.1) | 9/114 (7.9) | 0.417 | - | - |
| Relatives with gastric cancerc | 92/735 (12.5) | 12/62 (19.4) | 0.166 | 1.73 (0.88–3.38) | 0.111 | 101/801 (12.6) | 19/114 (16.7) | 0.236 | - | - |
| Smokingc | 476/735 (64.8) | 42/62 (67.7) | 0.680 | - | - | 38/800 (4.8) | 9/114 (7.9) | 0.171 | 1.89 (0.88–4.08) | 0.104 |
| Alcoholc | 567/735 (77.1) | 47/62 (75.8) | 0.875 | - | - | 288/799 (36.0) | 45/114 (39.5) | 0.469 | - | - |
| Urbanc | 630/731 (86.2) | 54/62 (87.1) | 1.000 | - | - | 640/793 (80.7) | 91/113 (80.5) | 1.000 | - | - |
| Education below collegec | 280/728 (38.5) | 29/62 (46.8) | 0.223 | 1.77 (1.01–9.09) | 0.046 | 411/793 (51.8) | 70/112 (62.5) | 0.043 | 1.27 (0.79–2.04) | 0.322 |
| Income level (≥$8500/mo)c | 93/651 (14.3) | 10/57 (17.5) | 0.555 | - | - | 100/738 (13.6) | 15/107 (14.0) | 0.880 | - | - |
| NSAIDs usec | 61/734 (8.3) | 6/62 (9.7) | 0.637 | - | - | 79/800 (9.9) | 18/114 (15.8) | 0.072 | 1.34 (0.74–2.45) | 0.336 |
| Consumption of dairy productsc | 145/734 (19.8) | 9/62 (14.5) | 0.403 | - | - | 194/799 (24.3) | 23/114 (20.2) | 0.410 | - | - |
| High-salt dietc | 102/734 (13.9) | 9/62 (14.5) | 0.849 | - | - | 80/797 (10.0) | 16/114 (14.0) | 0.193 | - | - |
a
Logistic analysis was performed and a P < 0.05 was considered significant. Logistic model including terms of age, relatives with gastric cancer, and education.
b
Logistic analysis was performed and a P < 0.05 was considered significant. Logistic model including terms of age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, education, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use.
c
Some data are missing. Missing values are not included.
FD, functional dyspepsia; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; IgG, Immunoglobulin G.