Table 5.
Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Functional Dyspepsia Based on Age
| Variables | Age < 60 | Multivariate analysis | Age ≥60 | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| FD (−) (%)(n = 1139) (90.1) | FD (+) (%)(n = 125) (9.9) | P-value | OR (95% CI)a | P-valuea | FD (−) (%) (n = 399) (88.7) | FD (+) (%) (n = 51) (11.3) | P-value | OR (95% CI)b | P-valueb | |
| Female | 584/1139 (51.3) | 74/125 (59.2) | 0.109 | 1.32 (0.90–1.94) | 0.150 | 219/399 (54.9) | 40/51 (78.4) | 0.001 | 2.90 (1.06–7.94) | 0.039 |
| BMI (≥25 kg/m2)c | 368/1139 (32.3) | 35/125 (28.0) | 0.363 | - | - | 124/398 (31.2) | 23/50 (46.0) | 0.039 | 1.70 (0.92–3.15) | 0.093 |
| Cholesterol (≥240 mg/dL)c | 131/1104 (11.9) | 16/123 (13.0) | 0.663 | - | - | 40/386(10.4) | 7/49 (14.3) | 0.461 | - | - |
| Triglyceride (≥150 mg/dL)c | 276/1104 (25.0) | 28/123 (22.8) | 0.660 | - | - | 88/385 (22.9) | 12/48 (25.0) | 0.719 | - | - |
| Glucose (≥126 mg/dL)c | 59/1104 (5.3) | 9/123 (7.3) | 0.402 | - | - | 58/386 (15.0) | 4/49 (8.2) | 0.277 | - | - |
| H. pylori IgG positivity | 591/1139 (51.9) | 53/125 (42.4) | 0.048 | - | - | 212/399 (53.1) | 18/51 (35.3) | 0.018 | - | - |
| History of H. pylori eradicationc | 146/1081 (13.5) | 19/118 (16.1) | 0.481 | - | - | 87/374 (23.3) | 15/49 (30.6) | 0.287 | - | - |
| Atrophic gastritis | 346/1139 (30.4) | 32/125 (25.6) | 0.304 | - | - | 225/399 (56.4) | 24/51 (47.1) | 0.233 | - | - |
| Intestinal metaplasia | 119/1139 (10.4) | 12/125 (9.6) | 0.878 | - | - | 114/399 (28.6) | 8/51 (15.7) | 0.065 | - | - |
| Relatives with gastric cancerc | 140/1137 (12.3) | 22/125 (17.6) | 0.120 | 1.52 (0.92–2.49) | 0.101 | 53/399 (13.3) | 9/51 (17.6) | 0.390 | - | - |
| Smokingc | 405/1137 (35.6) | 43/125 (34.4) | 0.844 | - | - | 109/398 (27.4) | 8/51 (15.7) | 0.090 | 0.63 (0.20–2.04) | 0.443 |
| Alcoholc | 703/1136 (61.9) | 81/125 (64.8) | 0.561 | - | - | 152/398 (38.2) | 11/51 (21.6) | 0.020 | 0.66 (0.28–1.56) | 0.345 |
| Urbanc | 996/1131 (88.1) | 107/125 (85.6) | 0.391 | - | - | 274/393 (69.7) | 38/50 (76.0) | 0.413 | - | - |
| Education below collegec | 368/1126 (32.7) | 53/123 (43.1) | 0.027 | 1.46 (0.99–2.14) | 0.053 | 323/395 (81.8) | 46/51 (90.2) | 0.168 | 1.28 (0.47–3.49) | 0.627 |
| Income level (≥$8500/mo)c | 173/1012 (17.1) | 22/114 (19.3) | 0.601 | - | - | 20/377 (5.3) | 3/50 (6.0) | 0.742 | - | - |
| NSAIDs usec | 64/1135 (5.6) | 8/125 (6.4) | 0.685 | - | - | 76/399 (19.0) | 16/51 (31.4) | 0.063 | 1.54 (0.78–3.05) | 0.212 |
| Consumption of dairy productsc | 266/1136 (23.4) | 22/125 (17.6) | 0.177 | 0.69 (0.42–1.13) | 0.142 | 73/397 (18.4) | 10/51 (19.6) | 0.848 | - | - |
| High salt dietc | 130/1134 (11.5) | 16/125 (12.8) | 0.659 | - | - | 52/397 (13.1) | 9/51 (17.6) | 0.386 | - | - |
a
Logistic analysis was performed and a P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Logistic model including terms of gender, relatives with gastric cancer, education, and consumption of dairy products.
b
Logistic analysis was performed and a P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Logistic model including terms of gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, education, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use.
c
Some data are missing. Missing values are not included.
FD, functional dyspepsia; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; IgG, Immunoglobulin G.