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. 2018 Oct 8;9:4149. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06650-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — CerS6-dependent C₁₆-ceramide generation mediates stress response to serum starvation. a Serum withdrawal elevates CerS6 in cultured cells with concomitant increase of p53 and p21 while CerS6 siRNA silencing prevents the p53 and p21 accumulation in response to serum withdrawal. b CerS6 siRNA silencing partially rescues G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest upon serum starvation. c Serum withdrawal elevates C₁₆-ceramide in A549 cells (48 h post-withdrawal); this effect was abrogated upon CerS6 silencing (mean ± SE; n = 3; *P < 0.001; ^#P < 0.05, ANOVA). d p53 is pulled down in complex with C₁₆-ceramide from serum-starved A549 cells but not from serum-starved cells with silenced (siRNA) CerS6 (mean ± SE; n = 3; *P < 0.00001, ANOVA). e Proposed mechanism of p53 regulation by C₁₆-ceramide: cellular stress elevates CerS6 in endoplasmic reticulum, leading to generation of C₁₆-ceramide (C₁₆); ceramide binds to p53, preventing its interaction with MDM2; this halts the p53 ubiquitination and degradation; resulting accumulation of p53 leads to its nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of stress response proteins