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. 2018 Oct 2;9:2253. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02253

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Copyright © 2018 Radwanska, Vereecke, Deleeuw, Pinto and Magez.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cyclic transmission of salivarian trypanosomes mediated by tsetse and other biting flies. Most lifecycle data of African Trypanosomes is based on the T. brucei cycle involving the tsetse (52). Here, short stumpy form parasite are taken up by the fly, progress through the body of the insect vector passing via the midgut, proventiculus and salivary gland, to be re-injected though the proboscis as infective metacyclic trypomastigotes into a new target. In the bloodstream, differentiation to long slender forms occurs followed by binary fission proliferation. Differentiation back to short stumpy forms will complete the cycle. While T. congolense and T. vivax can follow a similar cyclic transmission mode, the latter also is known to be spread through mechanical transmission (53, 54), as is the case for T. evansi (1). T. equiperdum spreads through sexual transmission only (37). Sexual reproduction of trypanosomes itself has been reported to take part in the teste, and has been reported for both T. brucei and T. congolense (5).