Table 2.
Examples of miRNA involved in viral infections.
| microRNA | Virus | Effect | Target | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-122 | HCV | Proviral | Direct: viral 5′ UTR | Jopling et al., 2005; Lanford et al., 2010 |
| miR-485 | NDV and H5N1 | Proviral/Antiviral | Indirect: RIG-I-mRNA Direct: H5N1 PB1 RNA | Ingle et al., 2015 |
| miR-141 | EV71 | Proviral | Indirect: eIF4E mRNA | Ho et al., 2011 |
| miR-142-3p | EEEV | Proviral/ Antiviral | Direct: viral 3′ NTR | Trobaugh et al., 2014 |
| miR-17, let-7 | Pestiviruses (BVDV) | Proviral | Direct: viral 3′ UTR | Scheel et al., 2016 |
| miR-301a | JEV | Proviral | Indirect: IFN response | Hazra et al., 2017 |
| miR-144 | IAV, EMCV, VSV | Proviral | Indirect: TRAF6 mRNA | Rosenberger et al., 2017 |
| miR-146a | HeV | Proviral | Indirect: RNF11 mRNA | Stewart et al., 2013 |
| miR-24, miR-93 | VSV | Antiviral | Direct: viral genes L and P | Otsuka et al., 2007 |
| miR-221, miR-222 | HIV-1 | Antiviral | Indirect: CD4 mRNA | Lodge et al., 2017 |
| miR-181 | PRRSV | Antiviral | Indirect: CD163 mRNA | Gao et al., 2013 |
| miR-181 | PRRSV | Antiviral | Direct: viral ORF4 | Guo et al., 2013 |
| miR-130 | PRRSV | Antiviral | Direct: viral 5′ UTR | Li L. et al., 2015 |
| miR-542-5p, miR-24 | IAV, RSV | Antiviral | Indirect: p38 MAPK pathway | McCaskill et al., 2017 |
| miR-223 | DENV-2 | Antiviral | Indirect: STMN1 mRNA | Wu et al., 2014 |
| miR-199, miR-214 and others | MCMV, HCMV, MHV-68, SFV | Antiviral | Indirect: ERK/MAPK, oxidative stress, and PI3K/AKT signaling | Santhakumar et al., 2010 |
| miR-33a | JEV | Antiviral | Indirect: EEF1A1 mRNA | Chen et al., 2016 |
| miR-34, miR-15 and miR-517 | DENV, WNV, JEV | Antiviral | Indirect: Wnt pathway | Smith et al., 2017 |
| miR-3614-5p | DENV | Antiviral | Indirect: ADAR1 mRNA | Diosa-Toro et al., 2017 |
| miR-127-3p, miR-486-5p and others | IAV | Antiviral | Direct: viral genome | Peng et al., 2018 |
| miR-25, Let-7, miR-130 | HCV | Antiviral | Indirect: HCV co-factors | Li et al., 2017 |
| miR-323, miR-491, and miR-654 | IAV | Antiviral | Direct: PB1 RNA | Song et al., 2010 |
| miR-532 | WNV | Antiviral | Indirect: SESTD1 mRNA | Slonchak et al., 2016 |
| Hs-154 | WNV | Antiviral | Indirect: CTFC and ECOP mRNAs | Smith et al., 2012 |
| miR-555 | Poliovirus | Antiviral | Indirect: hnRNPC mRNA | Shim et al., 2016 |
| miR-155 | VSV, SeV | Antiviral | Indirect: SOCS mRNA | Wang et al., 2010 |
| miR-197 | EV71 | Antiviral | Indirect: RAN mRNA | Tang et al., 2016 |
HCV, Hepatitis C virus; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; H5N1, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1; EV71, Enterovirus 71; EEEV, Eastern equine encephalitis virus; BVDV, Bovine viral diarrhea virus; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; IAV, Influenza A virus; EMCV, encephalomyocarditis virus; VSV, Vesicular stomatitis virus; HeV, Hendra virus; HIV-1, Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1; PRRSV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; RSV, Respiratory Syncytial Virus; DENV, Dengue virus; MCMV, Mouse Cytomegalovirus; HCMV, Human Cytomegalovirus; MHV-68, murine gammaherpesvirus-68; SFV, Semliki forest virus; WNV, West Nile virus; SeV, Sendai virus.