Table 2.
The results from behavioral tests in FHD+ and FHD− groups, as well as DYS and TR groups.
| FHD+ | FHD− | Test statistics | DYS | Test statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 50 | n = 35 | FHD+ vs. FHD− | n = 17 | DYS vs. TR | ||
| Letter knowledge (upper and lower case, max. 64) | 46.92 ± 18.41 (0–64) | 47.40 ± 18.07 (0–64) | t(83) = 0.119, p = 0.905 | 31.76 ± 20.00 (0–59) | 51.26 ± 15.28 (4–64) | pb < 0.001* |
| Word read per minute | 15.18 ± 15.96 (0–52) | 18.43 ± 21.01 (0–69) | t(83) = 0.81, p = 0.420 | 4.65 ± 5.13 (0–16) | 19.69 ± 18.84 (0–69) | pb = 0.003* |
| Pseudowords read per minute | 13.97 ± 13.40 (0–47) | 12.96 ± 13.61 (0–40) | t(82) = 0.336, p = 0.738 | 4.00 ± 5.03 (0–15) | 15.90 ± 13.74 (0–47) | pb < 0.001* |
| Phoneme analysis (solved items, max. 12) | 6.60 ± 4.44 (0–12) | 7.77 ± 4.05 (0–12) | t(83) = 1.241, p = 0.218 | 3.59 ± 3.48 (0–10) | 8.04 ± 4.02 (0–12) | pb < 0.001* |
| Phoneme elision (solved items per minute) | 4.10 ± 4.23 (0–13) | 4.26 ± 4.52 (0–15) | t(83) = 0.164, p = 0.870 | 1.47 ± 2.28 (0–7) | 4.88 ± 4.42 (0–15) | pb = 0.004* |
| RAN object and color subtests (seconds) | 127.04 ± 29.49 (77–203) | 135.43 ± 35.41 (91–268) | t(83) = 1.188, p = 0.238 | 152.12 ± 40.69 (113–268) | 125.16 ± 26.66 (77–196) | pb = 0.003* |
| Orthographic awareness (solved items, max. 30) | 18.45 ± 4.74 (8–29) | 20.06 ± 4.42 (13–29) | t(83) = 1.563, p = 0.122 | 15.38 ± 3.92 (8–25) | 20.03 ± 4.31 (11–29) | pb < 0.001* |
| Vocabulary (max. 88) | 79.48 ± 5.40 (64–87) | 77.20 ± 7.29 (57–88) | t(83) = −1.657, p = 0.101 | 76.59 ± 6.14 (64–85) | 79.25 ± 6.04 (57–88) | pb = 0.145 |
| Sight word reading* (sten) | 5.82 ± 2.04 (1–10) | 6.09 ± 1.98 (2–10) | t(83) = 0.598, p = 0.552 | 3.65 ± 1.50 (1–6) | 6.51 ± 1.69 (4–10) | pb < 0.001* |
| Pseudo-word reading* (sten) | 4.94 ± 1.89 (1–10) | 5.24 ± 1.69 (1–8) | t(83) = 0.734, p = 0.465 | 2.88 ± 1.41 (1–6) | 5.61 ± 1.45 (3–10) | pb < 0.001* |
| Text reading* (sten) | 4.63 ± 2.08 (1–9) | 5.27 ± 2.60 (1–10) | t(81) = 1.235, p = 0.221 | 2.12 ± 0.86 (1–3) | 5.62 ± 1.99 (2–10) | pb < 0.001* |
| Lexical decision task* (sten) | 5.16 ± 2.21 (1–10) | 5.91 ± 2.17 (2–10) | t(83) = 1.544, p = 0.126 | 2.41 ± 0.87 (1–4) | 6.24 ± 1.72 (3–10) | pb < 0.001* |
Means ± SD together with range in parentheses are presented. *Battery of tests used for dyslexia diagnosis; b bootstrap statistics.