Table 1.
Participant characteristics among gestational diabetes cases and non-gestational diabetes controls: a nested case-control study within the PETALS prospective pregnancy cohort, 2013-2016.
| GDM case | Non-GDM control | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 117) | (n = 232) | ||
| Age, n (%), years | 0.59 | ||
| 18-24 | 5 (4.3) | 16 (6.9) | |
| 25-29 | 24 (20.5) | 51 (22.0) | |
| 30-34 | 56 (47.9) | 114 (49.1) | |
| ≥35 | 32 (27.4) | 51 (22.0) | |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.76 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 23 (19.7) | 49 (21.1) | |
| African American | 7 (6.0) | 22 (9.5) | |
| Asian | 45 (38.5) | 74 (31.9) | |
| Hispanic | 42 (35.9) | 87 (37.5) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.77 | ||
| High school or less | 12 (10.3) | 23 (9.9) | |
| Some college | 47 (40.2) | 91 (39.2) | |
| College graduate or above | 57 (48.7) | 118 (50.9) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Parity, n (%) | 0.88 | ||
| 0 | 48 (41.0) | 93 (40.1) | |
| 1 | 40 (34.2) | 84 (36.2) | |
| ≥2 | 29 (24.8) | 52 (22.4) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.3) | |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index, n (%), kg/m2 | <0.0001 | ||
| < 18.5 | 1 (0.9) | 6 (2.6) | |
| 18.5-24.9 | 20 (17.1) | 100 (43.1) | |
| 25.0-29.9 | 36 (30.8) | 56 (24.1) | |
| ≥30.0 | 60 (51.3) | 70 (30.2) | |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 36 (30.8) | 53 (22.8) | 0.13 |
| Pre-gestational hypertension, n (%) | 11 (9.4) | 10 (4.3) | 0.05 |
| Smoking during 1 mo preceding pregnancy, n (%) | 11 (9.4) | 16 (6.9) | 0.63 |
| Smoking in early pregnancy, n (%) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | 0.39 |
| Alcohol use during 3 mos preceding pregnancy, n (%) | 48 (41.0) | 131 (56.5) | 0.004 |
| Alcohol use in early pregnancy, n (%) | 13 (11.1) | 44 (19.0) | 0.07 |
Data are presented as n (%) for categorical variables.
a
Obtained by binomial/multinomial logistic regression with generalized estimating equations for binary/multilevel categorical variables, accounting for matched case-control pairs.