Table 3.
Crude and adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of gestational diabetes associated with γ-glutamyl transferase or alanine aminotransferase during early-to-mid pregnancy.
| Crude model | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational weeks 10–13 | ||||
| GGT, U/L | ||||
| Q1: 3–7d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2: 8–10 | 1.51 (0.75, 3.05) | 1.76 (0.83, 3.70) | 2.05 (0.88, 4.78) | 1.97 (0.80, 4.85) |
| Q3: 11–14 | 2.22 (1.07, 4.61) | 2.31 (1.06, 5.04) | 2.82 (1.17, 6.76) | 2.75 (1.10, 6.88) |
| Q4: 15–81 | 3.78 (1.93, 7.39) | 3.81 (1.84, 7.91) | 3.01 (1.32, 6.85) | 2.93 (1.26, 6.80) |
| P-for-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 | 0.016 |
| Per SD increment | 1.58 (1.25, 1.99) | 1.58 (1.23, 2.03) | 1.43 (1.08, 1.90) | 1.39 (1.03, 1.87) |
| ALT, U/L | ||||
| Q1: 5–9d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2: 10–12 | 1.35 (0.71, 2.59) | 1.47 (0.73, 2.94) | 1.38 (0.63, 3.02) | 1.28 (0.57, 2.91) |
| Q3: 13–16 | 1.34 (0.67, 2.65) | 1.65 (0.79, 3.44) | 1.08 (0.47, 2.49) | 1.03 (0.43, 2.47) |
| Q4: 17–54 | 2.05 (1.06, 3.99) | 2.44 (1.18, 5.02) | 1.73 (0.75, 3.95) | 1.56 (0.66, 3.70) |
| P-for-trend | 0.035 | 0.015 | 0.247 | 0.367 |
| Per SD increment | 1.31 (1.04, 1.64) | 1.34 (1.04, 1.71) | 1.17 (0.87, 1.55) | 1.11 (0.82, 1.49) |
| Gestational weeks 16–19 | ||||
| GGT, U/L | ||||
| Q1: 3–6d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2: 7–8 | 2.86 (1.36, 6.02) | 3.09 (1.30, 7.36) | 3.03 (1.23, 7.46) | 3.01 (1.21, 7.29) |
| Q3: 9–12 | 3.10 (1.35, 7.11) | 3.27 (1.42, 7.55) | 3.36 (1.30, 8.65) | 3.30 (1.24, 8.14) |
| Q4: 13–47 | 4.02 (1.87, 8.65) | 3.92 (1.73, 8.86) | 3.51 (1.37, 8.97) | 3.41 (1.31, 9.02) |
| P-for-trend | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.024 | 0.030 |
| Per SD increment | 1.55 (1.20, 1.99) | 1.56 (1.19, 2.06) | 1.45 (1.06, 1.98) | 1.41 (1.04, 1.93) |
| ALT, U/L | ||||
| Q1: 4–10d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2: 11–12 | 0.74 (0.31, 1.79) | 0.73 (0.29, 1.85) | 0.68 (0.24, 1.93) | 0.67 (0.23, 1.93) |
| Q3: 13–16 | 0.78 (0.40, 1.52) | 0.89 (0.44, 1.80) | 0.55 (0.24, 1.27) | 0.53 (0.21, 1.26) |
| Q4: 17–71 | 1.35 (0.72, 2.53) | 1.35 (0.68, 2.70) | 1.12 (0.51, 2.42) | 1.11 (0.48, 2.46) |
| P-for-trend | 0.31 | 0.305 | 0.628 | 0.652 |
| Per SD increment | 1.17 (0.93, 1.48) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.53) | 1.15 (0.87, 1.52) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.51) |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; Q, quartile; SD, standard deviation.
Adjusted for age (years), race/ethnicity (White, African American, Asian/other, Hispanic), gestational week at blood collection (weeks), family history of diabetes (yes, no), pre-gestational hypertension (yes, no), and alcohol use before and/or during pregnancy (≥1 drink/day or not).
Adjusted for covariates in Model 1, pre-pregnancy body mass index (< 18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, ≥30.0 kg/m2), and waist-to-hip ratio (≥0.85 or not).
Sensitivity analysis: Adjusted for covariates in Model 2 and updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
Quartiles are classified based on distributions of biomarkers among non-gestational diabetes controls.