Table 1.

Antitumor immunological effects of conventional chemotherapy.

Conventional chemotherapeutics	Major targets	ICD-associated DAMPs	Clinical use	Evidence of antitumor immunity
Cylophosphamide	DNA and RNA	Cell-surface CRT,	Lymphomas, brain cancer, leukemia,	Deplete Treg cells, favor the expansion of
		HMGB1 and ATP secretion	and some solid tumors	NK cells and stimulate DCs to produce IL-12
Oxaliplatin	DNA and RNA synthesis	Cell-surface CRT,	Colorectal cancer	Increase the CTL/Treg cell ratio, deplete MDSCs,
		HMGB1 and ATP secretion		and improve the activity of neutrophils and macrophages
5-FU	Thymidylate synthase inhibitor	HMGB1 and ATP secretion	Colorectal, breast cancer, GIST	Increase the frequency of tumor-infiltrating CTLs,
	DNA replication			and deplete circulating MDSCs
Gemcitabine	DNA replication	HMGB1 and ATP secretion	NSCLC, pancreatic, bladder,	Stimulate cross-priming of CTLs, increase the number of
			breast cancer	immunostimulatory TAMs, and deplete circulating MDSCs
Mitoxantrone	DNA and RNA synthesis,	Cell-surface CRT and ERp57,	Leukemias, Hodgkin's lymphoma	Increase the CTL/Treg cell ratio,
and anthracyclines	topoisomerase II, ROS	HMGB1 and ATP secretion	breast, colon, lung cancer and so on	and deplete circulating Treg cells
Bleomycin	DNA strand breaks, ROS	Cell-surface CRT and ERp57,	Testicular cancer, ovarian cancer,	Stimulate ICD
Bortezomib	26S proteasome	Cell-surface HSP90	Multiple melanoma, mantle cell lymphoma	Stimulate ICD

Abbreviations: ICD, immunogenic cell death; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; ROS, radical oxygen species; CRT, calreticulin; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; Treg, regulatory T cells; NK, natural killer; DCs, dendritic cells; IL-12, interleukin-12; HMGB1, high-mobility group protein B1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; HSP, heat-shock protein; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages.