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. 2017 Sep 12;67(11):2035–2044. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314098

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Schematic outline of HBV initiates an immunosuppressive cascade. Consistent with the experimental data, HBV employ HBsAg to induce suppressive monocytes, which express inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and HLA-E, secreting IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β through MyD88/NFκB signalling. Engagement of PD-L1/PD-1 and HLA-E/CD94 educates IL-10-producing regulatory NK cells, which inhibit autologous NK cell activation, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells activation in IL-10 dependent manner. HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; IL, interleukin; NK, natural killer; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.