Table 3.
Optimum pH of insect amylases, from published studies, and inhibition or noninhibition by plant amylase inhibitors or other plant extracts.
| Order | Species | Optimum pH | Active inhibitors | Inactive inhibitors | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemiptera | Leptoglossus zonatus | 5.6 | 79 | ||
| Podisus maculiventris | 6.0 | 48 | |||
| Graphosoma lineatum | 6.0 | αAI1 | 80 | ||
| Eurygaster maura | 6-7 | 81 | |||
| Eurygaster integriceps | 6.5 | 67 | |||
| Aphis fabae | 7 | 63 | |||
| Coleoptera | Acanthoscelides obtectus | 7-7.5 | 0.19 WI, 0.53 WI, HI | αAI1, αAI2 | 80,82-85 |
| Anthonomus grandis | ? | chimeric AI from αAI1 and αAI2, BIII from rye | αAI1, αAI2 0.19 WI, 0.53 WI |
42,86 | |
| Prostephanus truncatus | 6.0 | Amaranth ΑΙ | Maize AI Phaseolus acutifolius AI |
87 | |
| Cryptolestes ferrugineus | 5.0-5.5 | αAI1 | 80 | ||
| Oryzaephilus surinamensis | 4.5-5.0 | αAI1 | 80 | ||
| Sitophilus granarius | 4.5 | WI, HI, Thymus vulgaris extract | αAI1 | 80,82,88 | |
| Sitophilus oryzae | 5.0 | WRP25, ΗΙ | Corn AI | 3,38,82 | |
| Sitophilus zeamais | 5-7 | WΙ | 89 | ||
| Tenebrio molitor | 5.4 | WRP25, Corn AI, 0.28 WI, HI | Amaranth AI (weak effect) 0.19 WI, 0.53 WI | 38,82,90,91 | |
| Tribolium castaneum | 4.5-5.0 | αAI1, WRP25, HI, 0.28 WI, Corn AI Amaranth AI, Withania somnifera AI |
38,80,82,92-94 | ||
| Bruchus pisorum | 5.5 | αAI1, αAI2 | 86,95 | ||
| Rhyzopertha dominica | 7 | WI | Thymus vulgaris extract, Punica granatum extract | 82,88,96 | |
| Callosobruchus maculatus | 5.0 | αΑΙ, Amaranth ΑΙ, 0.19 WI, 0.53 WI, HI, Punica granatum extract, Achyranthes aspera AI | Vigna unguiculata AI | 82,83,85,88,92,97-99 | |
| Zabrotes subfasciatus | 6-7 | αAI2, WRP25, 0.19 WI, 0.53 WI | αAI1, WRP26 | 83,84,86,100,101 | |
| Diabrotica virgifera | 5.7 | αAI1, wheat AI | 41 | ||
| Morimus funereus | 5.2 | 68 | |||
| Hypothenemus hampei | 4.5-5.2 | αAI1, Amaranth AI, Ph. coccineus AI | αAI2 | 38,97,102,103 | |
| Plagiodera versicolora | 41, 82 | 104 | |||
| Alphitobius diaperinus | 5.0 | αAI1 | 105 | ||
| Diptera | Drosophila melanogaster | 7.4** | αAI1, WI | 9,80 | |
| Ceratitis capitata | 8.0 | 106 | |||
| Sarcophaga bullata | 7.0 | αAI1 | 80 | ||
| Aedes aegypti | 7.0 | αAI1 | 80 | ||
| Lutzomyia longipalpis | 8.5 | 107 | |||
| Hymenoptera | Monomorium pharaonis | 5.0-5.5 | αAI1 | 80 | |
| Apis mellifera | 5.0-5.5 | αAI1 | 80 | ||
| Venturia canescens | 5.0-5.5 | αAI1 | 80 | ||
| Blattodea | Blattella germanica | 6.0 | αAI1 | 80 | |
| Orthoptera | Acheta domesticus | 5.5-6.5 | αAI1 | 80 | |
| Dociostaurus maroccanus | 6.0 | αAI1, αAI2 | 108 | ||
| Calliptamus italicus | 8 | 108 | |||
| Gryllodes sigillatus | 6.6-7.0 | 69 | |||
| Lepidoptera | Manduca sexta | 10 | αAI1 | 80 | |
| Ostrinia nubilalis | 11 | αAI1 | 80 | ||
| Pieris brassicae | 8 | 70 | |||
| Ephestia kuehniella | 9 | WI1, WI3* | αAI1 | 35 | |
| Helicoverpa armigera | 9-11* | WI, Achyranthes aspera AI | Amaranth AI | 36,92,99 | |
| Bombyx mori | 6.83-9.24 | 108 | |||
| Chilo suppressalis | 9 | 109 | |||
| Acherontia atropos | 12 | 110 | |||
| Lasiocampa quercus | 10.8 | 110 | |||
| Lichnoptera felina | 10.8 | 110 | |||
| Antheraea mylitta | 9.5 | 111 | |||
| Spodoptera littoralis | 9.5 | 112 | |||
| Mamestra brassicae | 9.5 | 113 | |||
| Erinnyis ello | 9.8 | 114 | |||
| Tecia solanivora | 9.0 | Amaranth AI | 115 | ||
| Glyphodes pyloalis | 95-104 | 37 | |||
| Naranga aenescens | 10 | 116 | |||
| Spodoptera frugiperda | 8.5-9.5 | wheat tetrameric inhibitor | 117 | ||
| Tuta absoluta | 8.0 | Amaranth AI, WI | 118 |
AI: amylase inhibitor; 0.19, 0.28, 0.53 WI, WRP25, WRP26: wheat inhibitors; HI: barley inhibitor; *depending on the amylase paralog; **no amylase activity in the acidic mid-midgut77; 1: larval amylase; 2: adult amylase; 3: hemolymph amylase; 4: digestive amylase; 5: salivary amylase. Another table of insect target/amylase inhibitor has been published elsewhere.78