Table 1.

Overview of the most significant research comparing different tissues and bioprinting techniques.

Bioink	Cell type	Results	Reference
Skin
Inkjet-based
Collagen type I	Fibroblasts Keratinocytes	Developed a multilayered skin model with multiple cell types	Cui and Boland7; Christensen et al.8
PEG	Fibroblasts Keratinocytes	Developed an all-in-one solution for printing skin	Ku9
Collagen	HMVECs NHDF	Successfully transplanted printed skin grafts into mice	Lee et al.10
Fibrinogen–collagen	MSCs	Successfully demonstrate in-situ printing to repair full thickness skin wounds on the backs of mice	Lee et al.11
Extrusion-based
PDMS	Fibroblasts Keratinocytes	Developed a multilayered epidermal skin layer	Cui and Boland7
PCL	HDFs HEKs	Developed a new 3D cell printing strategy to fabricate a 3D skin tissue model	Zhu and Liang12
Laser-assisted
Alginate + blood plasma	Fibroblasts Keratinocytes hMSCs	Performed accurate positioning of multiple cell types	Lim et al.13
Bone and cartilage
Inkjet-based
Fibrin/collagen hydrogel	Chondrocytes	Successfully demonstrated cartilage formation when implanted in mice	Xu et al.14
PEGDMA	Chondrocytes	Used FGF-2 and FGF-2/TGF-β1 doped scaffolds for cartilage development	Cui et al.15
PEGDMA	Chondrocytes	Demonstrated potential for in-situ printing	Cui et al.16
Extrusion-based
Matrigel and alginate	EPCs MSCs	Observed bone-like formation in the scaffold 6 weeks after implantation in mice	Ozbolat and Hospodiuk17
PCL	hASCs	Performed craniofacial regeneration	Bishop et al.18
GelMA and HAMa	IPFP cells	Successfully demonstrated reconstruction of chondral defects	Fedorovich et al.19
GelMA	Chondrocytes	Cartilaginous tissue was observed after 4 weeks when implanted in mice	Hung et al.20
PCL-alginate gel	Chondrocytes	Cartilaginous tissue formation was observed in the scaffold when implanted in subcutaneous spaces of mice	Oussedik et al.21
Stereolithography
GelMA and nHA	Osteoblasts hMSCs	Developed a 3D bone-mimicking model to study metastasis	Zhou et al.22
GelMA and collagen type 1	hMSCs	Developed a method to minimize oxygen inhibition	Tzeng et al.23
GelMA + PEGDA + TGF-β1	hMSCs	Fabricated scaffolds from a precursor hydrolgel, in which cells and nanospheres were suspended	Weiß et al.24
Laser-assisted
Sodium alginate	Osteosarcoma cells (MG63)	Evaluated the effect of 3D positioning of cells on PCL biopapers	Morris et al.25
N.A.	HUVECs	Performed positioning of enothelial cells within osseous biopapers to induce vascularization	Williams et al.26
Neural
Inkjet-based
Phosphate-buffered saline	CHO and rat embryonic motoneurons	Demonstrated successful printing of neural cells using a thermal inkjet printer	Xu et al.27
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium	Primary rat embryonic neurons	Demonstrated that there was no difference in cell survival rate and neurite growth between printed and non-printed cells	Xu et al.28
Extrusion-based
PU	NSCs	Repaired damaged nervous system in adult zebra fish	Chung et al.29
N.A.	BMSCs	Successfully fabricated purely cellular nerve grafts	Pranzo et al.30; Kundu et al.31
Stereolithography
GelMA and graphene nanoplatelets	hNSCs	Fabricated 3D scaffolds with a homogeneous distribution of cells and graphene nanoplatelets	Lu et al.32
Corneal
Extrusion-based
Sodium alginate and collagen	Corneal keratinocytes	Demonstrated cell viability of KC remained 90% after day 1 of post printing	Kim et al.33
Laser-assisted
Collagen I + recombinant laminin	hESC-LESCs hASCs	Performed accurate positioning of multiple cell types	Park et al.34
Cardiac
Inkjet-based
Alginate	Cardiomyocytes	Successfully printed half heart shape with two connected ventricles, showed contract rhythm under electric stimulation	Lorber et al.35
Alginate and gelatin gel	Endothelial cells	Printed tubes, branched tubes, hollow cones, and capillaries with a microscopic porosity	Xu et al.36
Fibrin hydrogel	HMVEC	Achieved confluent cell linings with a ring-shaped microvasculature	Nakamura et al.37
Sodium alginate	NIH-3T3	Printed vascular shapes using a liquid support material	Boland et al.38
Extrusion-based
GelMA	iPSCs	Developed a microfibrous scaffold capable of spontaneous and synchronous contraction	Hsieh et al.39
Me-HA	HAVIC	Printed scaffold began to be remodeled after 3 days in culture	Hsu et al.40
Muscular
Extrusion-based
PEGDA and GelMA	NIH-3T3 and C2C12	Successfully implanted in rats	Dhariwala et al.41
Stereolithography
PEGDA	ESCs and C2C12	Employed dielectrophoresis in cell patterning prior to printing	Pati et al.42
Dental
Extrusion-based
GelMA and PEG	PDLSCs	Successfully demonstrated an array of hydrogel with high cell viability of 94%	O’Connell et al.43
PCL and β-TCP	–	Successfully demonstrated the reconstruction of maxillary bone defect in a dog	Schuurman et al.44

PEG: polyethylene glycol; 3D: three-dimensional; HMVEC: human microvascular endothelial cell; NHDF: neonatal human dermal fibroblast; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; PCL: polycaprolactone; HDF: human dermal fibroblast; HEK: human epidermal keratinocyte; PEGDMA: poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; EPC: endothelial progenitor cell; hASC: human adipose–derived stem cell; HAMa: hyaluronic acid-methacrylate; GelMA: gelatin-methacrylamide; IPFP: infrapatellar fat pad; PEGDA: poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; PU: polyurethane; NSC: neural stem cell; hMSC: human mesenchymal stem cell; BMSC: bone marrow stem cell; hNSC: human neural stem cell; KC: keratinocyte; LESC: limbal epithelial stem cell; TCP: tricalcium phosphate; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; Me-HA: methacrylated hyaluronic acid; HAVIC: human aortic valvular interstitial cell; PDLSC: periodontal ligament stem cell.