Fig. 2.

Effects of human disturbances on the strength of phenotypic selection. (A and B) Probability density functions of absolute values of linear selection differentials (|S|) and gradients (|β|). Coefficients are pooled across systems and color-coded by disturbance conditions and disturbance type (harvest vs. other). (C–F) Mean selection strength by system or by trait, across disturbance conditions. Lines correspond to individual systems or traits, color-coded by disturbance type (red, harvest; gray, other). Dotted lines correspond to the subset of harvested systems that are fisheries (cod and pike). Circles indicate mean selection strength in natural vs. disturbed conditions for harvested systems (red) and other systems (blue). Error bars represent SEM.