Table 1.

Longitudinal studies on VGV and aggression

Authors	Year	Nationality	Principal ethnicity	Physical aggression measure	n	Average age T1*	Lag (years)	Covariates other than Initial Aggression
								None	Gender	All
Adachi and Willoughby (23)	2016	Canadian	White	Direct aggression (physical and verbal)	1,132	19.1	1.0	0.136	0.077	0.076
Anderson et al. (24)†	2008	Japanese	Asian	Trait physical aggression scale	181	∼13.5	0.3	0.144	0.139	0.139
Anderson et al. (24)†	2008	Japanese	Asian	Physical aggression in past month	1,050	∼15.5	0.3–0.5	0.115	0.075	0.075
Anderson et al. (24)†	2008	American	White	Index of teacher, peer, and self-reports, current school year	364	∼10.5	0.5	0.167	0.158	0.158
Breuer et al. (25)	2015	German	White	Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (physical, two items)	140	16	1.0	−0.151	−0.159	−0.159
Breuer et al. (25)	2015	German	White	Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (physical, two items)	136	19.3	1.0	0.078	0.070	0.070
Bucolo (26)	2010	American	White	Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (physical, five items)	648	13.4	1.5	0.17	0.15	0.14
Ferguson (19)‡	2011	American	Hispanic	Child Behavior Checklist Youth Self-Report, aggression, child (YSRac)	302	12.3	1.0	0.035	0.011	−0.030
Ferguson et al. (21)‡	2012	American	Hispanic	Child Behavior Checklist Youth Self-Report, aggression, child (YSRac)	165	12.3	3.0	−0.068	−0.016	0.030
Ferguson et al. (20)‡	2013	American	Hispanic	Child Behavior Checklist Youth Self-Report, aggression, child (YSRac)	143	12.8	1.0	0.069	0.044	0.100
Fikkers et al. (27)	2016	Dutch	White	Physical aggression	943	11.8	1.0	0.180	0.126	0.126
Gentile et al. (28)	2009	American	White	Self-reported fights, teacher rating of physical aggression	865	9.6	1.1	0.112	0.089	0.089
Gentile et al. (29)	2014	Singapore	Asian	Six items assessing physical aggression	2,029	12.2	1.0	0.065	0.043	0.043
Greitemeyer and Sagiogluo (30)	2017	American	White	Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (physical, two items)	743		0.5	0.032	0.024	0.021
Hirtenlehner and Strohmeier (31)	2015	Austrian	White	Personal violence	371	11.5	1.0	0.190	0.13	0.140
Hopf, et al. (32)	2008	German	White	Student’s’ violence	314	12	2.7	—§	—§	0.18
Hull et al. (33)	2014	American	White	Hitting nonfamily members, sent to school office for fighting	2,723	13.8	0.8	0.097	0.088	0.075
Subsample 1			White		1,831			0.103	0.100	0.085
Subsample 2			Hispanic		442			0.062	0.034	0.024
Subsample 3			Asian		49			−0.098	−0.097	−0.040
Krahé et al. (34)‡	2012	German	White	Self-reported (five items) and teacher-reported (one item) physical aggression	1,715	13.4	1.1	0.18	0.15	0.15
Lemmens et al. (35)‡	2011	Dutch	White	Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (physical, seven items)	540	13.9	0.5	0.09	—§	0.09
Möller and Krahé (36)†,‡	2009	German	White	Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (physical, seven items)	143	13.3	2.5	0.275	0.213	0.213
Shibuya et al. (37)†	2008	Japanese	Asian	Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (physical, six items)	498	∼10.5	0.9	0.072	−0.001¶	−0.001
Staude-Müller (38)	2011	German	White	“Aggression-tilt”	472	13.7	1.0	0.046	0.028	−0.020
von Salisch et al. (39)‡	2011	German	White	Peer nomination, teacher rating: Latent variable	228	8.9	1.0	−0.021	−0.031	−0.010
Willoughby et al. (40)‡	2012	Canadian	White	Direct aggression (overt). Effect relates sustained violent video game play 9–12 with aggressive slope	1,492	13.8	4.0	0.164	0.123	0.070

Note: von Salisch et al. (39) used only peer nominations and teacher ratings to measure aggression; all other studies included self-reported measurements of aggression.

^*Age at study onset; Approximate ages (∼) estimated from reported age ranges and/or grade levels.

^†Appears in metaanalysis by Anderson et al. (6).

^‡Appears in metaanalysis by Greitemeyer and Mügge (9).

^§Did not use additional control covariates or effect not reported.

^¶Interaction of gameplay and moderator variable statistically significant at P < 0.05.