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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Decision (Wash D C ). 2017 May 29;5(4):205–252. doi: 10.1037/dec0000083

Table 1.

Categorical, Ordinal, and Interval Level Representations for Each of the 16 Effects Tested in this Paper

Effect Predicted Problem Statement Categorical Representation Ordinal Representation Interval Representation
Standard Framing Problem
Gain Frame 200 people will be saved some chance that some are saved more chance that fewer are saved 200 are saved
there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved and a 2/3 probability that no people will be saved some chance that some are saved and some chance that none are saved less chance that more are saved and some chance that none are saved 200 are saved
Loss Frame 400 people will die some chance that some die more chance that fewer die 400 die
there is a 1/3 probability that nobody will die, and a 2/3 probability that 600 people will die some chance that some die, and some chance that none die less chance that more die and some chance that none die 400 die
Allais Gambles
Gamble 1 1 million dollars with certainty some money with some chance more chance that some are saved 1 million dollars
89% chance of 1 million dollars, 10% chance of 5 million dollars, and a 1% chance of 0 dollars some chance of some money, some chance of some money, or some chance of no money some chance of some money, less chance of more money, some chance of no money 1.39 million dollars
Gamble 2 1 million dollars with 11% probability and $0 with 89% probability some chance of some money and some chance of no money less money with a large chance, and no money with a small chance 0.11 million dollars
5 million dollars with 10% probability and $0 with 90% probability some chance of some money and some chance of no money more money with a large chance, and no money with a small chance 0.50 million dollars
Zero-complement truncated framing problems
Gain Frame 200 people will be saved some chance that some are saved more chance that fewer are saved 200 are saved
there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved some chance that some are saved less chance that more are saved 200 are saved
Loss Frame 400 people will die some chance that some die more chance that fewer die 400 die
there is a 2/3 probability that 600 people will die some chance that some die less chance that more die 400 die
Nonzero-complement truncated framing problems
Gain Frame 200 people will be saved some chance that some are saved more chance that fewer are saved 200 are saved
there is a 2/3 probability that no people will be saved some chance that none are saved some chance that none are saved 200 are saved
Loss Frame 400 people will die some chance that some die more chance that fewer die 400 die
there is a 1/3 probability that nobody will die some chance that none die some chance that none die 400 die
Certain-option disambiguated problems
Gain Frame 200 people will be saved and 400 people will not be saved some chance that some are saved and some chance that some are not saved more chance that fewer are saved and some chance that some are not saved 200 are saved
there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved and a 2/3 probability that no people will be saved some chance that some are saved and some chance that none are saved less chance that more are saved and some chance that none are saved 200 are saved
Loss Frame 400 people will die and 200 people will not die some chance that some die and some chance that some do not die more chance that fewer die and some chance that some do not die 400 die
there is a 1/3 probability that nobody will die, and a 2/3 probability that 600 people will die some chance that some die, and some chance that none die less chance that more die and some chance that none die 400 die
“400 not saved” certain-option disambiguated and truncated problems
Gain Frame 400 people will not be saved some chance that some are not saved some chance that some are not saved 200 are saved
there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved and a 2/3 probability that no people will be saved some chance that some are saved and some chance that none are saved less chance that more are saved and some chance that none are saved 200 are saved
200 people will not die some chance that some do not die some chance that some do not die 400 die
Loss Frame there is a 1/3 probability that nobody will die, and a 2/3 probability that 600 people will die some chance that some die, and some chance that none die less chance that more die and some chance that none die 400 die
Certain-option disambiguated, zero-complement truncated problems
Gain Frame 200 people will be saved and 400 people will not be saved some chance that some are saved and some chance that some are not saved more chance that fewer are saved and some chance that some are not saved 200 are saved
there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved some chance that some are saved less chance that more are saved 200 are saved
Loss Frame 400 people will die and 200 people will not die some chance that some die and some chance that some do not die more chance that fewer die and some chance that some do not die 400 die
there is a 2/3 probability that 600 people will die some chance that some die less chance that more die 400 die
“400 not saved vs. 2/3 chance that 600 not saved” truncation problem
Gain Frame 400 people will not be saved some chance that some are not saved more chance that fewer are not saved 200 are saved
there is a 2/3 probability that 600 people will not be saved some chance that some are not saved less chance that more are not saved 200 are saved
Loss Frame 200 people will not die some chance that some do not die more chance that fewer do not die 400 die
there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will not die some chance that some do not die less chance that more do not die 400 die

Note. Text in bold indicates a given representation’s preferred option. If no option is bolded, the corresponding representation is indifferent. The overall preferred outcome is indicated in bold and, if the preference is strong (preferred by more than one mental representation), it is also underlined.