Table 1.

Patient demographics and baseline characteristics (ITT population)

Characteristic	N = 140
Age, No. (%), y
<65	116 (83)
≥65	24 (17)
Age, mean (SD)	54.7 (9.9)
Sex, No. (%)
Female	75 (54)
Male	65 (46)
Race, No. (%)
White	117 (84)
Black or African American	20 (14)
Asian	2 (1)
American Indian or Alaska Native	1 (1)
Ethnicity, No. (%)
Hispanic or Latino	22 (16)
BMI, No. (%), kg/m2
<30	78 (56)
≥30	62 (44)
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2	30.0 (6.8)
ASA classification,* No. (%)
I	44 (31)
II	73 (52)
III	23 (16)
Type of surgery, No. (%)
Laparoscopic abdominal	58 (41)
Open abdominal	25 (18)
Breast augmentation/reconstruction	23 (16)
Knee replacement	12 (9)
Bunionectomy	10 (7)
Hip replacement	6 (4)
Other†	6 (4)
Hepatic function, No. (%)
Normal	103 (74)
Impaired, by severity
Mild	34 (24)
Moderate	2 (1)
Severe	1 (1)
Renal function, No. (%)
Normal	130 (93)
Impaired, by severity
Mild	5 (4)
Moderate	5 (4)
Severe	0 (0)
Hypertension	47 (34)
Diabetes	22 (16)
Hyperlipidemia	21 (15)

BMI = body mass index; ITT = intent-to-treat.

^*American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification (https://www.asahq.org/quality-and-practice-management/standards-and-guidelines/): 1 = normal healthy; 2 = mild systemic disease, no functional limitation (e.g., smoker with well-controlled hypertension); 3 = severe systemic disease, definite functional impairment (e.g., diabetes and angina with relatively stable disease, but requiring therapy).

^†Other surgeries (N = 1 each) included bronchoscopy (uniportal right vats completion, right upper lobectomy), osteotomy, parathyroidectomy, right anterior mini-thoracotomy with excision of pericardial phrenic nodules, right thoracotomy (right upper lobe wedge resection, right lower lobe wedge resection), and spinal laminectomy.