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Illustration of the three dimensional pitch Π3D, projected in the x–z-plane: In every frame each active edge grows in the direction and with the length of Π3D. The electron beam moves every frame with Π2D, which is the projection of Π3D into the x–y-plane. The direction of Π3D is defined by the start point Ps and end point Pe. Its length |Π3D| = sF is determined by several parameters, like xF, zF and the edge’s height.
